Bridge convention card reference, version 0.26.0 ================================================ Every setting a convention card can hold, every convention it can name, and the program interface of the editor at https://bridge-craftwork.com/card/. Generated from the spec the editor itself reads (spec/ in the source), so it lists exactly the fields the editor knows: a path not listed here is not a card field. Edit a card: https://bridge-craftwork.com/card/ Source: https://github.com/bridge-craftwork/convention-card The spec: https://github.com/bridge-craftwork/convention-card/tree/v0.26.0/spec THE CARD FORMAT --------------- A card is nested JSON, `card_data`. Each setting sits at a dotted path: `notrump.one_nt.range_min` is `{"notrump": {"one_nt": {"range_min": 15}}}`. A setting left out is unset; where the field has a default, that applies. A saved or exported card wraps it: {"schema": "bridge-classroom/card_data@v1", "name", "description", "exportedAt", "card_data"}. That is what the editor's Export Content writes and Import reads. Readers keep what they do not know. A path that is not a field, or a key starting with `_` (a raw import record), is kept and written back as it is. An older path still loads: each field lists its older paths. A convention with no field of its own goes in `other_agreements`: a list of {"id", "section", "text"}. `id` is a convention ID from CONVENTIONS below, or a namespaced one under a domain its author owns (github.com/alice/bridge-ideas/relay-stayman); `text` is what a person reads, and plain free text has no `id`. A field's Convention is the ID of the convention it belongs to. Levels run from 1 to 10: how hard a thing is to learn, which is also when a partnership might put it on its card. A convention's level is the lowest at which it is taught; a field that extends it (slam tries after Stayman, say) has its own, higher level. Fields in the same Choice group are alternatives: at most one of them is on. THE PROGRAM INTERFACE: window.card ---------------------------------- The editor page defines `window.card`, the interface every bridge-craftwork tool shares. Every method returns a promise except getInput. run(input, params) Read input and produce params.to: { ok, from, name, output, diagnostics } validate(input, params) Read and check input without converting it: { ok, from, name, diagnostics } getInput() The card open in the editor, as the export (unsaved edits included), or null setInput(input, params) Add input to this browser's cards and open it: { ok, name, diagnostics } getOutput(params) The open card, produced as params.to info { tool, version, formats, outputs, reference } A diagnostic is { severity: "error" | "warning" | "info", message, path?, hint? }; `path` is the field it is about. `ok` is false when any diagnostic is an error. A card with problems still converts, as in the editor: unknown paths and values are kept. input may be: object: A card as JSON: the editor's export ({ schema: "bridge-classroom/card_data@v1", name, description, card_data }), a record { name, description, card_data }, bare card_data, BBO's export or Bridgodex's. string: The same JSON as text, a .bbsa file's text, or a hand-off (v1., or a URL ending #import=v1.). ArrayBuffer | Uint8Array: A file's bytes: a PDF this editor exported (the card travels inside it), or any of the text forms. null or omitted: run, validate: the card open in the editor, unsaved edits included. Formats read (params.from): card the editor's own JSON: its export ({ schema, name, description, card_data }) or bare card_data bbo BBO's ACBL card export (JSON) bridgeodex Bridgodex's card export (JSON, with a settings block) bbsa BBA's .bbsa convention file (Key = value lines) pdf an ACBL PDF: one this editor exported (the card travels inside it, and boxes changed since are read too), or any filled-in ACBL Classic or New card; or a card PDF Bridgodex made handoff a hand-off string, v1., or a URL ending #import=v1. Outputs (params.to): card The editor's export, as an object: { schema: "bridge-classroom/card_data@v1", name, description, exportedAt, card_data }. What Export Content saves, and what Import reads back. card_data card_data alone, the nested settings object. bbsa BBA's .bbsa convention file, as text. bridgodex A Bridgodex.com card ({ settings, notes }), as Bridgodex's import reads it, as an object. pdf-classic The ACBL Classic card, filled in, as PDF bytes (Uint8Array). The card travels inside it, so Import reads it back. pdf-new The ACBL New card, filled in, as PDF bytes (Uint8Array). The card travels inside it too. pdf-drawn A card drawn from scratch in the ACBL layout, as PDF bytes (Uint8Array). link A URL that opens this editor with the card added to that browser's cards (https://bridge-craftwork.com/card/#import=v1.). bridge-classroom A URL that opens Bridge Classroom with the card, to save to an account there. params: from The input's format, when it should not be guessed. One of: card, bbo, bridgeodex, bbsa, pdf, handoff. Default: guessed from the input. to run, getOutput: what to produce (see OUTPUTS). One of: card, card_data, bbsa, bridgodex, pdf-classic, pdf-new, pdf-drawn, link, bridge-classroom. Default: card. name The card's name: for a .bbsa file, which carries none, or to rename it. Form: text. Default: the card's own name. Example: const r = await window.card.run(bbsaText, { name: "Our card", to: "pdf-classic" }) if (!r.ok) console.log(r.diagnostics) OPENING A CARD BY LINK ---------------------- https://bridge-craftwork.com/card/#import=v1. adds a card to the visitor's cards and opens it. is the JSON {"name", "description", "card_data"}, compressed with raw deflate (no zlib header) and written as base64url without padding. It travels in the fragment, so it never reaches a server. run(card, { to: "link" }) makes one. FIELDS (572) ------------ [general] general.system Label: System Value: text general.system_category Label: System category Value: one of: two_over_one, sayc, polish_club, precision, acol Default: "two_over_one" general.style Label: Bidding style Value: one of: standard, bba About: Unset: our default (modern where we have one, else standard). standard: the textbook treatment where the default is modern. bba: what BBA does, as far as probes and the corpus show; for A/B tests general.min_hcp_open Label: Min HCP to open Value: whole number, 0..20 Default: 12 general.min_hcp_respond Label: Min HCP to respond Value: whole number, 0..20 Default: 6 general.third_fourth_light Label: Light openings in 3rd/4th seat Value: yes/no (true or false) general.nt_open_style Label: 1NT opening style Value: one of: strong, weak, variable Default: "strong" general.forcing_opening_1c Label: Forcing 1♣ opening Value: yes/no (true or false) general.forcing_opening_2c Label: Forcing 2♣ opening Value: yes/no (true or false) general.forcing_opening_other Label: Forcing opening (other) Value: text general.bids_requiring_prep Label: Bids that may require preparation Value: text general.jump_shifts.strong_2 Label: Strong jump shifts (2-level) Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 3 Choice: general.jump_shifts_2: one of these fields at most is on general.jump_shifts.strong_3 Label: Strong jump shifts (3-level) Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 3 Choice: general.jump_shifts_3: one of these fields at most is on general.jump_shifts.weak_2 Label: Weak jump shifts (2-level) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/weak_jump_shifts (field level 5) Choice: general.jump_shifts_2: one of these fields at most is on general.jump_shifts.weak_3 Label: Weak jump shifts (3-level) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/weak_jump_shifts (field level 5) Choice: general.jump_shifts_3: one of these fields at most is on general.jump_shifts.invitational Label: Invitational jump shifts Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 5 Choice: general.jump_shifts_2: one of these fields at most is on general.jump_shifts.soloway Label: Soloway jump shifts Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/soloway (field level 8) general.jump_shifts.soloway_extended Label: Soloway jump shifts (extended) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/soloway (field level 9) general.forcing_opening Label: Forcing opening (as written) Value: text About: The card's forcing-opening line as an importer wrote it ("2C"); forcing_opening_1c/2c/other are the structured form general.very_light.openings Label: Very light: openings Value: yes/no (true or false) general.very_light.third_hand Label: Very light: 3rd hand Value: yes/no (true or false) general.very_light.overcalls Label: Very light: overcalls Value: yes/no (true or false) general.very_light.preempts Label: Very light: preempts Value: yes/no (true or false) general.forcing_opening_natural_2 Label: Natural 2 bids Value: yes/no (true or false) [notrump] notrump.one_nt.range_min Label: 1NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 8..25 Default: 15 notrump.one_nt.range_max Label: 1NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 8..25 Default: 17 notrump.one_nt.five_card_major Label: 1NT may contain a 5-card major Value: one of: never, sometimes, always Default: "sometimes" notrump.one_nt.allow_4441 Label: 1NT may be 4-4-4-1 Value: yes/no (true or false) notrump.one_nt.allow_5422 Label: 1NT may be 5-4-2-2 Value: yes/no (true or false) notrump.one_nt.allow_6_minor Label: 1NT may contain a 6-card minor Value: yes/no (true or false) notrump.one_nt.allow_one_less Label: 1NT may be 1 HCP light Value: yes/no (true or false) About: e.g. 14-17 for a 15-17 range: 14 good HCP with a 5-card suit (a length point) notrump.one_nt.seat_vul Label: 1NT seat / vulnerability Value: text notrump.one_nt.sys_on_vs Label: Systems on vs Value: text notrump.one_nt_alt.range_min Label: Alternate 1NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 8..25 Level: 7 notrump.one_nt_alt.range_max Label: Alternate 1NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 8..25 Level: 7 notrump.one_nt_alt.seat_vul Label: Alternate 1NT seat / vulnerability Value: text Level: 7 notrump.one_nt_alt.same_responses Label: Alternate 1NT uses same responses Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 7 notrump.dbl.negative Label: Double of 1NT interference: negative Value: yes/no (true or false) notrump.dbl.penalty Label: Double of 1NT interference: penalty Value: yes/no (true or false) notrump.dbl.negative_desc Label: Negative double notes Value: text notrump.dbl.other Label: Other double notes Value: text notrump.stayman.play Label: Stayman Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/stayman (field level 3) notrump.stayman.forcing Label: Stayman is forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/stayman (field level 3) notrump.stayman.garbage Label: Garbage Stayman Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/stayman (field level 3) notrump.stayman.puppet_1nt Label: Puppet Stayman over 1NT (3♣) Value: yes/no (true or false) About: Bridge Classroom's editor, its PDFs and the BBO and Bridgodex importers write notrump.stayman.puppet for this (BBO's 1NPuppet, the Classic card's 1NT box) Convention: bidding_conventions/puppet_stayman (field level 7) Older paths: notrump.stayman.puppet notrump.smolen.play Label: Smolen Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/smolen (field level 4) notrump.minor_suit_stayman.play Label: Minor Suit Stayman (1NT–2♠) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_stayman (field level 6) notrump.transfers.jacoby Label: Jacoby transfers Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 3) notrump.transfers.texas Label: Texas transfers Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 4) notrump.transfers.texas_4c Label: 4♣ is a transfer Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The bid: 4♣ over 1NT transfers (South African Texas: to ♥, with 4♦ to ♠) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 6) notrump.transfers.texas_4d Label: 4♦ is a transfer Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The bid: 4♦ over 1NT transfers (Texas: to ♥) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 4) notrump.transfers.texas_4h Label: 4♥ is a transfer Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The bid: 4♥ over 1NT transfers (Texas: to ♠) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 4) notrump.transfers.texas_4s Label: 4♠ is a transfer Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The bid: 4♠ over 1NT transfers (to a minor); no printed card has a box for it Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 6) notrump.transfers.texas_2_under Label: 2-under Texas Value: yes/no (true or false) About: Texas one step lower: 4♣ transfers to ♥ and 4♦ to ♠. Opener's bid of the suit in between (4♦ over 4♣, 4♥ over 4♦) is a super-accept; four of the major is a plain completion Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 7) notrump.minor_transfers Label: Minor-suit responses to 1NT Value: one of: relay, four_way, four_way_reversed, bba, two_nt_three_c, none Default: "relay" About: relay: 2♠ relays to 3♣, pass or correct to 3♦. four_way: 2♠ clubs, 2NT diamonds; the step below the suit shows good support. four_way_reversed: the suit itself shows good support. bba: 2♠ clubs, 3♣ diamonds, always completed (BBA). two_nt_three_c: 2NT clubs, 3♣ diamonds, leaving 2♠ free (for minor-suit Stayman); BBA's 21GF-MSTandMSS. none: not played Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 5) notrump.transfers.spades_relay Label: 1NT–2♠ transfer Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The card's 2♠ transfer box, as Bridgodex marks it; what it transfers to is in the card's notes Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 5) notrump.transfers.two_s_clubs Label: 1NT–2♠ transfer to clubs Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 5) notrump.transfers.two_nt Label: 1NT–2NT transfer Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The card's 2NT transfer box, as Bridgodex marks it Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 5) notrump.two_nt_natural Label: 1NT–2NT natural (invitational) Value: yes/no (true or false) notrump.transfers.two_nt_clubs Label: 1NT–2NT transfer to clubs Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 5) notrump.transfers.two_nt_diamonds Label: 1NT–2NT transfer to diamonds Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 5) notrump.transfers.three_c_diamonds Label: 1NT–3♣ transfer to diamonds Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 5) notrump.transfers.super_accept Label: Super-acceptance of transfers Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/super_accept (field level 5) notrump.transfers.super_accept_doubleton Label: Super-accept by bidding a doubleton Value: yes/no (true or false) About: With 4+ trumps and a maximum, bid the doubleton suit (or 2NT when it cannot be shown below it). BBA: Extended acceptance after NT Convention: bidding_conventions/super_accept (field level 7) notrump.transfers.vs_double Label: Transfers on if RHO doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 6) notrump.transfers.vs_2c Label: Transfers on if RHO bids clubs Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 6) notrump.three_d_response Label: 1NT–3♦ response Value: one of: natural, majors, minors, splinter notrump.three_major_splinter Label: 1NT–3♥/3♠ splinter Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 notrump.lebensohl.over_interference Label: Lebensohl over interference to 1NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/lebensohl (field level 5) notrump.lebensohl.description Label: Lebensohl notes Value: text notrump.rubensohl.over_interference Label: Rubensohl over interference to 1NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/rubensohl (field level 9) notrump.two_nt.range_min Label: 2NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 15..30 Default: 20 notrump.two_nt.range_max Label: 2NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 15..30 Default: 21 notrump.two_nt.puppet Label: 2NT: Puppet Stayman (3♣) Value: yes/no (true or false) About: Over 2NT (and 2♣–2♦–2NT), 3♣ asks for a four- or five-card major Convention: bidding_conventions/puppet_stayman (field level 7) notrump.two_nt.three_s Label: 2NT: 3♠ relay Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 8 notrump.two_nt.three_s_desc Label: 2NT 3♠ relay notes Value: text notrump.two_nt.transfers_3level Label: 2NT: transfers at 3-level Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 4) notrump.two_nt.transfers_4level Label: 2NT: transfers at 4-level Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers (field level 4) notrump.two_nt.neg_dbl Label: 2NT: negative double Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 notrump.two_nt.transfer_3s_clubs Label: 2NT–3♠ transfer to clubs Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 6) notrump.two_nt.transfer_4c_diamonds Label: 2NT–4♣ transfer to diamonds Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 6) notrump.two_nt.minor_slam_try Label: Minor suit slam try after 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 8 notrump.two_nt.minor_stayman Label: Minor Suit Stayman after 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_stayman (field level 6) notrump.two_nt.minor_transfers Label: Minor suit transfers after 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers (field level 6) notrump.two_nt.three_c_3nt_both_majors Label: 2NT–3♣–3NT shows both majors Value: yes/no (true or false) About: Stayman-style 3♣ over 2NT; opener's 3NT shows 4-4 in the majors Convention: bidding_conventions/stayman (field level 4) notrump.two_nt.notes Label: 2NT notes Value: text Note: true notrump.three_nt.range_min Label: 3NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 15..30 Older paths: three_nt.range_min notrump.three_nt.range_max Label: 3NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 15..30 Older paths: three_nt.range_max notrump.three_nt.one_suit Label: Gambling 3NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/gambling_3nt (field level 6) Older paths: three_nt.one_suit notrump.three_nt.one_suit_desc Label: Gambling 3NT notes Value: text Older paths: three_nt.one_suit_desc notrump.responses.2d_other Label: 2♦ response Value: text notrump.responses.2h_other Label: 2♥ response Value: text notrump.responses.2s_other Label: 2♠ response Value: text notrump.responses.2nt_other Label: 2NT response Value: text notrump.responses.3c Label: 3♣ response Value: text notrump.responses.3d Label: 3♦ response Value: text notrump.responses.3h Label: 3♥ response Value: text notrump.responses.3s Label: 3♠ response Value: text notrump.notes Label: Notrump notes Value: text Note: true notrump.one_nt.range_min_plus Label: 1NT range: minimum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The card's range written with a plus ("14+"), as Bridgodex marks it Choice: notrump.one_nt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.one_nt.range_min_minus Label: 1NT range: minimum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.one_nt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.one_nt.range_max_plus Label: 1NT range: maximum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The card's range written with a plus ("14+"), as Bridgodex marks it Choice: notrump.one_nt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.one_nt.range_max_minus Label: 1NT range: maximum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.one_nt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.one_nt_alt.range_min_plus Label: Alternate 1NT range: minimum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The card's range written with a plus ("14+"), as Bridgodex marks it Choice: notrump.one_nt_alt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.one_nt_alt.range_min_minus Label: Alternate 1NT range: minimum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.one_nt_alt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.one_nt_alt.range_max_plus Label: Alternate 1NT range: maximum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The card's range written with a plus ("14+"), as Bridgodex marks it Choice: notrump.one_nt_alt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.one_nt_alt.range_max_minus Label: Alternate 1NT range: maximum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.one_nt_alt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.two_nt.range_min_plus Label: 2NT range: minimum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: notrump.two_nt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.two_nt.range_min_minus Label: 2NT range: minimum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.two_nt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.two_nt.range_max_plus Label: 2NT range: maximum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: notrump.two_nt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.two_nt.range_max_minus Label: 2NT range: maximum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.two_nt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on notrump.three_nt.range_min_plus Label: 3NT range: minimum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: notrump.three_nt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: three_nt.range_min_plus notrump.three_nt.range_min_minus Label: 3NT range: minimum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.three_nt.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: three_nt.range_min_minus notrump.three_nt.range_max_plus Label: 3NT range: maximum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: notrump.three_nt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: three_nt.range_max_plus notrump.three_nt.range_max_minus Label: 3NT range: maximum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: notrump.three_nt.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: three_nt.range_max_minus [major_openings] major_openings.five_card_majors Label: Five-card majors Value: yes/no (true or false) Default: true major_openings.min_length_1st_2nd Label: Min length 1st/2nd seat Value: one of: 4, 5 Default: "5" major_openings.min_length_3rd_4th Label: Min length 3rd/4th seat Value: one of: 4, 5 Default: "5" major_openings.one_nt_response.forcing Label: Forcing 1NT response Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/forcing_1nt (field level 4) Choice: major_openings.one_nt_response: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.one_nt_response.semi_forcing Label: Semi-forcing 1NT response Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/semi_forcing_1nt (field level 5) Choice: major_openings.one_nt_response: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.one_nt_response.bypass_1s Label: 1NT may bypass 1♠ over 1♥ Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 major_openings.two_over_one.game_force Label: 2/1 game force Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_over_one (field level 4) major_openings.two_over_one.rebid_style Label: 2/1 opener's rebid style Value: one of: bergen, lawrence, schuler Default: "bergen" About: Opener's rebid after a 2/1 game force (1♥–2♦). bergen (Bergen style): 2NT is the default bid and says nothing; rebidding the major shows six; a new suit (2♠, 3♣) shows no extras. lawrence (Lawrence style): rebidding the major is the default, 5+; a new suit shows extras; 2NT shows stoppers. schuler (Schuler Shift): rebidding the major is the default, exactly five; a new suit shows extras; 2NT shows six or more in the major (Vic Quiros, ACBL Bridge Bulletin, September 2026) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_over_one (field level 5) major_openings.three_nt_raise.play Label: 3NT artificial raise (4-3-3-3) Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 major_openings.art_raises_other Label: Other artificial raises Value: text major_openings.jump_raise.weak Label: Jump raise: weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: major_openings.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.jump_raise.mixed Label: Jump raise: mixed Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 Choice: major_openings.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.jump_raise.inv Label: Jump raise: invitational Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 3 Choice: major_openings.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall.weak Label: Jump raise after overcall: weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: major_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall.mixed Label: Jump raise after overcall: mixed Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 Choice: major_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall.inv Label: Jump raise after overcall: invitational Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: major_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.jacoby_2nt.play Label: Jacoby 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt, bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt_splinters (field level 4) major_openings.jacoby_2nt.modified Label: Modified Jacoby 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/modified_jacoby_2nt, bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt_splinters (field level 6) major_openings.bergen_raises.play Label: Bergen raises Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/bergen_raises (field level 5) Choice: major_openings.bergen: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.bergen_raises.reverse Label: Reverse Bergen raises Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/reverse_bergen_raises (field level 6) Choice: major_openings.bergen: one of these fields at most is on major_openings.splinters.play Label: Splinters Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/splinters, bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt_splinters (field level 5) major_openings.splinters.by_responder Label: Splinters by responder Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/splinters, bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt_splinters (field level 5) major_openings.splinters.by_opener Label: Splinters by opener Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/splinters, bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt_splinters (field level 6) major_openings.mini_splinters.play Label: Mini splinters Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/splinters (field level 7) major_openings.drury.play Label: Drury Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/drury (field level 5) major_openings.drury.reverse Label: Reverse Drury Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/reverse_drury (field level 5) major_openings.drury.two_d Label: Two-way Drury (2♦) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_way_drury (field level 6) Older paths: major_openings.drury.two_way major_openings.drury.in_comp Label: Drury in competition Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/drury (field level 6) major_openings.gazzilli.play Label: Gazzilli Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/gazzilli (field level 9) major_openings.impossible_2s.play Label: Impossible 2♠ Value: yes/no (true or false) About: 1♥–1NT–2m–2♠: artificial, a good raise of opener's minor (4+, the top of the 1NT response), forcing to three of the minor Convention: bidding_conventions/impossible_2s (field level 7) major_openings.notes Label: Major opening notes Value: text Note: true major_openings.bergen_raises_notes Label: Bergen raises notes Value: text Note: true major_openings.two_nt_response_forcing Label: 1M–2NT forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) major_openings.two_nt_response_inv Label: 1M–2NT invitational Value: yes/no (true or false) major_openings.two_nt_response_range_min Label: 1M–2NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..30 major_openings.two_nt_response_range_max Label: 1M–2NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..30 major_openings.drury.fit Label: Drury: fit Value: yes/no (true or false) major_openings.two_over_one.game_forcing_except Label: 2/1 game forcing except when suit rebid Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_over_one (field level 5) major_openings.three_nt_raise.range_min Label: 3NT artificial raise: minimum Value: whole number, 0..25 major_openings.three_nt_raise.range_max Label: 3NT artificial raise: maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 [minor_openings] minor_openings.one_club.min_length Label: 1♣ min length Value: one of: 2, 3, 4, 5 Default: "3" minor_openings.one_club.unbalanced Label: 1♣ unbalanced Value: yes/no (true or false) minor_openings.one_club.nf2 Label: 1♣ NF2 Value: yes/no (true or false) Choice: minor_openings.one_club_forcing: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.nf1 Label: 1♣ NF1 Value: yes/no (true or false) Choice: minor_openings.one_club_forcing: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.nf0 Label: 1♣ NF0 Value: yes/no (true or false) Choice: minor_openings.one_club_forcing: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.art_forcing Label: 1♣ artificial forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) minor_openings.one_club.transfer_resp Label: Transfer responses to 1♣ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/transfer_walsh (field level 9) minor_openings.one_club.one_nt_range_min Label: 1♣–1NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..20 minor_openings.one_club.one_nt_range_max Label: 1♣–1NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..20 minor_openings.one_club.two_nt_range_min Label: 1♣–2NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..20 minor_openings.one_club.two_nt_range_max Label: 1♣–2NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..20 minor_openings.one_club.single_raise.nf Label: 1♣ single raise: non-forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 2 minor_openings.one_club.single_raise.inv Label: 1♣ single raise: invitational+ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/inverted_minors (field level 5) minor_openings.one_club.single_raise.gf Label: 1♣ single raise: game forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/inverted_minors (field level 5) minor_openings.one_club.jump_raise.weak Label: 1♣ jump raise: weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: minor_openings.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.jump_raise.mixed Label: 1♣ jump raise: mixed Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 Choice: minor_openings.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.jump_raise.inv Label: 1♣ jump raise: invitational Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 3 Choice: minor_openings.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.jump_raise_after_overcall.weak Label: 1♣ jump raise after overcall: weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: minor_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.jump_raise_after_overcall.mixed Label: 1♣ jump raise after overcall: mixed Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 Choice: minor_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.jump_raise_after_overcall.inv Label: 1♣ jump raise after overcall: invitational Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: minor_openings.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_diamond.min_length Label: 1♦ min length Value: one of: 2, 3, 4, 5 Default: "3" minor_openings.one_diamond.unbalanced Label: 1♦ unbalanced Value: yes/no (true or false) minor_openings.one_diamond.nf2_4432_only Label: 1♦ NF2 (4-4-3-2 only) Value: yes/no (true or false) minor_openings.one_diamond.same_as_1c Label: 1♦ responses same as over 1♣ Value: yes/no (true or false) minor_openings.bypass_5_plus Label: Bypass 5+ ♦ to bid 1♥/1♠ Value: yes/no (true or false) minor_openings.may_hold_5_card_major Label: 1♣/1♦ may hold a 5-card major Value: yes/no (true or false) About: Usually a longer minor (6+) with reverse strength, planning to rebid the major minor_openings.inverted_minors.play Label: Inverted minors Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/inverted_minors (field level 5) minor_openings.walsh.play Label: Walsh responses (BBA's switch) Value: yes/no (true or false) About: BBA's 'Walsh style'. With it on BBA still bids 1♦ over 1♣ with four diamonds and a four-card major, so our rules read one_club_responses instead Convention: bidding_conventions/walsh (field level 4) minor_openings.one_club_responses Label: 1♣ responses with diamonds and a major Value: one of: up_the_line, walsh Default: "up_the_line" About: up_the_line: 1♦ with four diamonds and a four-card major (as BBA). walsh: bypass diamonds for the major unless game forcing minor_openings.two_nt_response Label: 1m–2NT response Value: one of: invitational, game_forcing Default: "invitational" About: invitational: 11-12 (as BBA). game_forcing: 13-15, and 1m–3NT 16-17 minor_openings.notes Label: Minor opening notes Value: text Note: true minor_openings.one_diamond.art_forcing Label: 1♦ artificial forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) minor_openings.one_club.single_raise.other Label: 1♣ single raise: other Value: text minor_openings.one_diamond.one_nt_range_min Label: 1♦–1NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..30 minor_openings.one_diamond.one_nt_range_max Label: 1♦–1NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..30 minor_openings.one_diamond.two_nt_range_min Label: 1♦–2NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..30 minor_openings.one_diamond.two_nt_range_max Label: 1♦–2NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..30 minor_openings.one_diamond.single_raise.nf Label: 1♦ single raise: non-forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 2 minor_openings.one_diamond.single_raise.inv Label: 1♦ single raise: invitational+ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/inverted_minors (field level 5) minor_openings.one_diamond.single_raise.gf Label: 1♦ single raise: game forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/inverted_minors (field level 5) minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise.weak Label: 1♦ jump raise: weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise.mixed Label: 1♦ jump raise: mixed Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 Choice: minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise.inv Label: 1♦ jump raise: invitational Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 3 Choice: minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise_after_overcall.weak Label: 1♦ jump raise after overcall: weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise_after_overcall.mixed Label: 1♦ jump raise after overcall: mixed Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 6 Choice: minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise_after_overcall.inv Label: 1♦ jump raise after overcall: invitational Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 Choice: minor_openings.one_diamond.jump_raise_after_overcall: one of these fields at most is on minor_openings.one_club.three_nt_range_min Label: 1♣–3NT range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..25 minor_openings.one_club.three_nt_range_max Label: 1♣–3NT range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 [two_level] two_level.two_clubs.meaning Label: 2♣ meaning Value: one of: very_strong, strong, natural, conventional Default: "strong" Convention: bidding_conventions/strong_2c (field level 3) two_level.two_clubs.min_hcp Label: 2♣ minimum HCP Value: whole number, 0..30 two_level.two_clubs.min_hcp_str Label: 2♣ minimum (text) Value: text two_level.two_clubs.2d_response Label: 2♣–2♦ response Value: one of: negative, waiting, steps two_level.two_clubs.2h_response Label: 2♣–2♥ response Value: one of: negative, steps two_level.two_clubs.kokish Label: Kokish relay Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/kokish (field level 8) two_level.two_clubs.parrish_bust Label: Parrish 2♥ bust Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_heart_bust (field level 7) two_level.two_diamonds.meaning Label: 2♦ meaning Value: one of: weak, intermediate, strong, conventional Convention: bidding_conventions/weak_2s (field level 3) two_level.two_diamonds.min_hcp Label: 2♦ range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..30 two_level.two_diamonds.max_hcp Label: 2♦ range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..30 two_level.two_diamonds.min_length Label: 2♦ minimum length Value: whole number, 4..8 two_level.two_diamonds.two_suited Label: 2♦ two-suited Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_diamonds.new_suit_nf Label: 2♦: new suit non-forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_diamonds.rebids_2nt Label: 2♦: 2NT response Value: text Older paths: two_level.two_diamonds.rebid_2nt two_level.two_diamonds.multi Label: Multi 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/multi_2d (field level 8) two_level.two_diamonds.multi_strong Label: Multi 2♦: strong option Value: one of: none, balanced_20_21, balanced_22_23, three_suiter, strong_minor, other Default: "none" About: The strong hand the Multi 2♦ may hold besides a weak two in either major. none: weak twos only. balanced_20_21: 20-21 balanced (Lars Multi). balanced_22_23: 22-23 balanced. three_suiter: a strong 4-4-4-1. strong_minor: a strong (Acol) two in a minor. other: written in the card's notes Convention: bidding_conventions/multi_2d, bidding_conventions/lars_multi (field level 9) two_level.two_diamonds.mini_roman Label: Mini-Roman 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/mini_roman_2d (field level 7) two_level.two_diamonds.mini_roman_maxi Label: Mini-Maxi Roman 2♦: also 19+ Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The Mini-Roman 2♦ is either the three-suiter of opening strength (Mini) or a 19+ three-suiter (Maxi), which bids again after responder's sign-off. Off: Mini only Convention: bidding_conventions/mini_roman_2d (field level 8) two_level.two_diamonds.reverse_flannery Label: Reverse Flannery 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/reverse_flannery (field level 8) two_level.two_hearts.meaning Label: 2♥ meaning Value: one of: weak, intermediate, strong, conventional Convention: bidding_conventions/weak_2s (field level 3) two_level.two_hearts.min_hcp Label: 2♥ range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..30 two_level.two_hearts.max_hcp Label: 2♥ range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..30 two_level.two_hearts.min_length Label: 2♥ minimum length Value: whole number, 4..8 two_level.two_hearts.two_suited Label: 2♥ two-suited Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_hearts.new_suit_nf Label: 2♥: new suit non-forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_hearts.rebids_2nt Label: 2♥: 2NT response Value: text Older paths: two_level.two_hearts.rebid_2nt two_level.two_spades.meaning Label: 2♠ meaning Value: one of: weak, intermediate, strong, conventional Convention: bidding_conventions/weak_2s (field level 3) two_level.two_spades.min_hcp Label: 2♠ range: minimum Value: whole number, 0..30 two_level.two_spades.max_hcp Label: 2♠ range: maximum Value: whole number, 0..30 two_level.two_spades.min_length Label: 2♠ minimum length Value: whole number, 4..8 two_level.two_spades.two_suited Label: 2♠ two-suited Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_spades.new_suit_nf Label: 2♠: new suit non-forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_spades.rebids_2nt Label: 2♠: 2NT response Value: text Older paths: two_level.two_spades.rebid_2nt two_level.ogust.play Label: Ogust Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/ogust (field level 5) two_level.weak_two_2nt_response Label: Weak two: 2NT response Value: one of: feature, ogust Default: "feature" About: feature: opener bids a side ace or king with a maximum. ogust: 3♣/3♦/3♥/3♠ show minimum/maximum and suit quality Convention: bidding_conventions/ogust (field level 5) two_level.mccabe.play Label: McCabe adjunct Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/mccabe (field level 8) two_level.flannery.play Label: Flannery 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/flannery (field level 6) two_level.reverse_flannery.two_h Label: Reverse Flannery 2♥ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/reverse_flannery (field level 8) two_level.reverse_flannery.two_s Label: Reverse Flannery 2♠ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/reverse_flannery (field level 8) two_level.benjamin.play Label: Benjamin 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/benjamin_2d (field level 8) two_level.french_2d.play Label: French 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/french_2d (field level 8) two_level.precision_2d.play Label: Precision 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/precision_2d (field level 7) two_level.polish_two_suiters.play Label: Polish two-suiters Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/polish_two_suiters (field level 9) two_level.wilkosz.play Label: Wilkosz 2♦ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/wilkosz (field level 9) two_level.two_clubs.max_hcp Label: 2♣ maximum (text) Value: text About: Bridge-Classroom keeps it as written (BBO's 2CMax) two_level.two_clubs.description Label: 2♣: describe Value: text Note: true two_level.two_clubs.continuation_describe Label: 2♣: describe (second line) Value: text Note: true two_level.two_clubs.notes Label: 2♣: responses / rebids Value: text Note: true two_level.two_clubs.continuation_response Label: 2♣: responses / rebids (second line) Value: text Note: true two_level.two_diamonds.description Label: 2♦: describe Value: text Note: true two_level.two_diamonds.notes Label: 2♦: responses / rebids Value: text Note: true two_level.two_diamonds.two_nt_force Label: 2♦: 2NT response forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_hearts.description Label: 2♥: describe Value: text Note: true two_level.two_hearts.notes Label: 2♥: responses / rebids Value: text Note: true two_level.two_hearts.two_nt_force Label: 2♥: 2NT response forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) two_level.two_spades.description Label: 2♠: describe Value: text Note: true two_level.two_spades.notes Label: 2♠: responses / rebids Value: text Note: true two_level.two_spades.two_nt_force Label: 2♠: 2NT response forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) [preempts] preempts.three_level_style Label: 3-level style Value: text preempts.three_level_response Label: 3-level responses Value: text preempts.four_level_style Label: 4-level style Value: text preempts.four_level_response Label: 4-level responses Value: text preempts.transfer_4_minor Label: 4♣/4♦ transfer to major Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/namyats (field level 6) preempts.namyats.play Label: Namyats Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/namyats (field level 6) preempts.notes Label: Preempt notes Value: text Note: true [slam] slam.blackwood.standard Label: Standard Blackwood Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/blackwood (field level 2) Choice: slam.keycard_responses: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: other_conventions.blackwood.standard slam.blackwood.rkcb_1430 Label: RKCB 1430 Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/roman_keycard (field level 4) Choice: slam.keycard_responses: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: other_conventions.blackwood.rkcb_1430 slam.blackwood.rkcb_0314 Label: RKCB 0314 Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/roman_keycard (field level 4) Choice: slam.keycard_responses: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: other_conventions.blackwood.rkcb_0314 slam.blackwood.minor_0314 Label: RKCB 0314 with a minor as trumps (1430 in the majors) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/roman_keycard (field level 6) slam.blackwood.queen_ask Label: Queen ask Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/roman_keycard (field level 6) Older paths: other_conventions.blackwood.queen_ask slam.blackwood.notes Label: 4NT notes Value: text Older paths: other_conventions.blackwood.notes slam.king_ask.five_nt Label: King ask by 5NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/roman_keycard (field level 5) Choice: slam.king_ask: one of these fields at most is on slam.king_ask.next_step Label: King ask by next available bid Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/roman_keycard (field level 7) Choice: slam.king_ask: one of these fields at most is on slam.king_ask.specific Label: King ask: specific kings Value: yes/no (true or false) About: The king ask is answered by the cheapest side king below six of trumps (six of trumps with none) instead of the number of kings. A new suit below trumps then asks for that king: seven of trumps with it, six of a higher suit below trumps with that king instead, six of trumps with neither. The asker places the grand Convention: bidding_conventions/roman_keycard (field level 7) slam.quantitative_4nt.play Label: Quantitative 4NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 3 slam.four_nt_opening.play Label: 4NT opening (specific aces) Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 8 slam.gerber.play Label: Gerber Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/gerber (field level 3) Older paths: other_conventions.gerber.play slam.gerber.over Label: Gerber applies over Value: text slam.gerber.only_over_nt_openings Label: Gerber only over NT openings Value: yes/no (true or false) slam.gerber.directly_over_nt Label: Gerber directly over NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Older paths: other_conventions.gerber.directly_over_nt slam.gerber.over_nt_seq Label: Gerber over NT sequence Value: yes/no (true or false) Older paths: other_conventions.gerber.over_nt_seq slam.gerber.non_nt_seq Label: Gerber in non-NT sequence Value: yes/no (true or false) Older paths: other_conventions.gerber.non_nt_seq slam.kickback.play Label: Kickback Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/kickback (field level 9) Older paths: other_conventions.kickback.play slam.kickback.rkcb_1430 Label: Kickback 1430 Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/kickback (field level 9) Choice: slam.kickback_responses: one of these fields at most is on slam.kickback.rkcb_0314 Label: Kickback 0314 Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/kickback (field level 9) Choice: slam.kickback_responses: one of these fields at most is on slam.minorwood.play Label: Minorwood Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/minorwood (field level 7) slam.exclusion_blackwood.play Label: Exclusion Blackwood Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/exclusion_blackwood (field level 7) slam.pick_a_slam_5nt.play Label: Pick-a-slam 5NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/pick_a_slam_5nt (field level 7) slam.western_cuebid.play Label: Western cuebid Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/western_cuebid (field level 4) slam.spiral_cuebids.play Label: Spiral cuebids Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/spiral (field level 8) slam.non_serious_3nt.play Label: Non-serious 3NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/serious_3nt (field level 9) slam.dopi Label: DOPI Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/dopi_ropi (field level 7) slam.depo Label: DEPO Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/depo (field level 7) slam.ropi Label: ROPI Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/dopi_ropi (field level 7) slam.control_bids Label: Control bids (notes) Value: text slam.cue_bids.play Label: Control (cue) bids Value: yes/no (true or false) About: BBA's 'Cue bid'. With a trump suit agreed and slam in the air, bid a control below game instead of asking straight away Convention: bidding_conventions/control_bids (field level 5) slam.cue_bids.style Label: Control bids show Value: one of: first_round, first_or_second_round Default: "first_or_second_round" About: first_round: the ace or a void only. first_or_second_round: king and singleton too, which is the more common modern treatment slam.vs_interference Label: Vs interference Value: text slam.trump_level Label: Trump-level cutover Value: text slam.notes Label: Slam notes Value: text Note: true [overcalls] overcalls.one_level_min Label: 1-level overcall: minimum Value: whole number, 0..20 overcalls.one_level_max Label: 1-level overcall: maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 overcalls.two_level_min Label: 2-level overcall: minimum Value: whole number, 0..20 overcalls.two_level_max Label: 2-level overcall: maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 overcalls.often_4_cards Label: Often 4-card suits at 1-level Value: yes/no (true or false) overcalls.jump Label: Jump overcalls Value: one of: weak, intermediate, strong Level: 3 overcalls.conv_text Label: Conventional overcalls Value: text overcalls.responses.new_suit Label: New-suit response Value: one of: forcing, nf_constructive, nf, transfer overcalls.responses.jump_raise Label: Jump-raise response Value: one of: weak, mixed, invitational overcalls.responses.cuebids_text Label: Cuebid response Value: text overcalls.responses.support_cuebid Label: Support cuebid Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/support_cuebids (field level 4) overcalls.responses.jump_cuebid_mixed Label: Jump cuebid: mixed raise Value: yes/no (true or false) About: Advancer's jump cuebid of their suit shows a mixed raise of partner's overcall: four-card support, between a preemptive jump raise and a limit raise Convention: competitive_bidding/mixed_raise (field level 6) overcalls.responses.natural_in_responders_suit Label: Advancer's bid of responder's suit is natural Value: yes/no (true or false) About: (1♣) 1♦ (1♥) 2♥ is natural: RHO's 1♥ promises only 4, so advancer shows 5+. 2♣ would be the cue-bid raise Level: 6 overcalls.very_light Label: Very light overcalls Value: yes/no (true or false) overcalls.notes Label: Overcall notes (card write-in) Value: text Note: true [nt_overcalls] nt_overcalls.direct.range_min Label: Direct 1NT: minimum Value: whole number, 0..25 nt_overcalls.direct.range_max Label: Direct 1NT: maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 nt_overcalls.direct.systems_on Label: Direct 1NT: systems on Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 nt_overcalls.balance.range_min Label: Balancing 1NT: minimum Value: whole number, 0..25 nt_overcalls.balance.range_max Label: Balancing 1NT: maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 nt_overcalls.direct.range_min_plus Label: Direct 1NT: minimum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.direct.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.direct.range_min_minus Label: Direct 1NT: minimum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.direct.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.direct.range_max_plus Label: Direct 1NT: maximum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.direct.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.direct.range_max_minus Label: Direct 1NT: maximum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.direct.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.balance.range_min_plus Label: Balancing 1NT: minimum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.balance.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.balance.range_min_minus Label: Balancing 1NT: minimum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.balance.range_min_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.balance.range_max_plus Label: Balancing 1NT: maximum has a plus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A good hand at that end: the range written with a plus ("14+-17" is a good 14 to 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.balance.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.balance.range_max_minus Label: Balancing 1NT: maximum has a minus Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A poor hand at that end: the range written with a minus ("15-17-" is 15 to a poor 17) Choice: nt_overcalls.balance.range_max_qualifier: one of these fields at most is on nt_overcalls.balance.systems_on Label: Balancing 1NT: systems on Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 nt_overcalls.jump_2nt_lowest_unbid Label: Jump 2NT = two lowest unbid Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 4) nt_overcalls.conv_text Label: Other treatments Value: text nt_overcalls.jump_2nt_minors Label: Jump 2NT: minors Value: yes/no (true or false) nt_overcalls.direct.conv_text Label: Direct 1NT: conventional Value: text nt_overcalls.balance.conv_text Label: Balancing 1NT: conventional Value: text nt_overcalls.notes Label: NT overcall notes (card write-in) Value: text Note: true [doubles] doubles.takeout_style Label: Takeout double style Value: text Convention: competitive_bidding/takeout_doubles (field level 2) Older paths: competitive.takeout_doubles.style doubles.negative.play Label: Negative doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/negative_doubles (field level 3) doubles.negative.through Label: Negative doubles through Value: text About: The highest overcall a double of is negative (4♥: a double of 4♠ or higher is not) Convention: competitive_bidding/negative_doubles Older paths: competitive.negative_doubles.through doubles.responsive.play Label: Responsive doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/responsive_doubles (field level 5) doubles.responsive.through Label: Responsive doubles through Value: text About: The highest raise of their suit, after partner's takeout double or overcall, that a double of is responsive (3♠: a double of 4♣ or higher is not) doubles.support.play Label: Support doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/support_doubles (field level 5) doubles.support.through Label: Support doubles through Value: text About: The highest call by RHO over which the double still shows three-card support (2♥). Unset: two of responder's major doubles.support.rdbl Label: Support redouble Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/support_doubles (field level 5) doubles.maximal Label: Maximal doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/maximal_doubles (field level 6) doubles.after_overcall_penalty Label: Double after overcall: penalty Value: yes/no (true or false) doubles.after_overcall_penalty_notes Label: Special doubles Value: text Note: true doubles.card_showing Label: Card-showing doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) doubles.min_offshape_to Label: Minimum off-shape takeout doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) doubles.notes Label: Double notes (card write-in) Value: text Note: true [competitive] competitive.michaels.play Label: Michaels cuebid Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 4) competitive.michaels.strength Label: Michaels strength Value: one of: wide_range, weak_or_strong Default: "wide_range" About: wide_range: any strength from about 7 HCP with five-five (BBA: 8+ total points, 12+ vulnerable). weak_or_strong (mini-maxi): weak, or 16+ and bids again; an intermediate hand overcalls instead. Bridge-Classroom's seed card writes weak_or_strong competitive.michaels.minor_advance Label: Advancing Michaels over a major: which minor Value: one of: ask_2nt, pass_or_correct Default: "ask_2nt" About: After a Michaels cue bid of a major (the other major and a minor). ask_2nt: advancer bids 2NT to ask for the minor, at any strength; 3♣ and 3♦ are natural, a long suit of advancer's own (Bridge Bum). pass_or_correct: 3♣ is pass or correct to partner's minor, and 2NT a stronger ask (Larry Cohen) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 5) competitive.leaping_michaels.play Label: Leaping Michaels Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/leaping_michaels (field level 7) Choice: competitive.michaels_over_preempts: one of these fields at most is on competitive.non_leaping_michaels.play Label: Non-leaping Michaels Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/non_leaping_michaels (field level 8) Choice: competitive.michaels_over_preempts: one of these fields at most is on competitive.unusual_1nt.play Label: Unusual 1NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 6) competitive.unusual_2nt.play Label: Unusual 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 4) competitive.unusual_2nt.shows Label: Unusual 2NT shows Value: text competitive.unusual_3nt.play Label: Unusual 3NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 6) competitive.unusual_4nt.play Label: Unusual 4NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 5) competitive.unusual_vs_unusual.play Label: Unusual vs Unusual Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/unusual_vs_unusual (field level 8) competitive.vs_1nt_strong.system Label: Defense vs strong 1NT Value: one of: cappelletti, modified_cappelletti, landy, multi_landy, dont, meckwell, suction, other About: Bridge-Classroom's system name (its editor's list: Cappelletti, DONT, Meckwell, Multi-Landy, Penalty...). Unset or other: natural overcalls. cappelletti (Hamilton): X penalty, 2♣ one suit, 2♦ majors, 2♥/2♠ that major and a minor, 2NT minors. modified_cappelletti: 2♣ a minor one-suiter or a major and a minor, 2♥/2♠ one-suited. dont: X one suit, 2♣/2♦/2♥ that suit and a higher one, 2♠ spades. meckwell: X a minor or the majors, 2♣/2♦ that minor and a major, 2♥/2♠ natural, 2NT minors. multi_landy: X a four-card major and a longer minor, 2♣ majors, 2♦ one major, 2♥/2♠ that major and a minor. landy: 2♣ majors, the rest natural. Played against every 1NT range. See conventions/competitive/vs-1nt.notes.md Convention: competitive_bidding/defense_vs_1nt, competitive_bidding/cappelletti, competitive_bidding/modified_cappelletti, competitive_bidding/dont, competitive_bidding/meckwell, competitive_bidding/landy, competitive_bidding/multi_landy, competitive_bidding/suction (field level 5) Older paths: competitive.defense_vs_strong_nt.convention Also reads: "Hamilton" as cappelletti; "Pottage" as cappelletti; "Disturbing Opponents NT" as dont; "Penalty" as other; "Natural" as other; "Standard" as other; "Strong - Suction" as suction; "Weak - Suction" as suction; "Strong 14+ (Meckwell)" as meckwell; "Weak (Cappelletti)" as cappelletti; "Strong 1NT" as other; "Weak 1NT" as other competitive.vs_1nt_strong.dbl Label: Vs strong 1NT: double Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_strong.2c Label: Vs strong 1NT: 2♣ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_strong.2d Label: Vs strong 1NT: 2♦ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_strong.2h Label: Vs strong 1NT: 2♥ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_strong.2s Label: Vs strong 1NT: 2♠ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_strong.2nt Label: Vs strong 1NT: 2NT Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_strong.other Label: Vs strong 1NT: other Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_weak.system Label: Defense vs weak 1NT Value: one of: cappelletti, modified_cappelletti, landy, multi_landy, dont, meckwell, suction, other About: Not read by the rules yet: vs_1nt_strong.system is played against every range Convention: competitive_bidding/defense_vs_1nt, competitive_bidding/cappelletti, competitive_bidding/modified_cappelletti, competitive_bidding/dont, competitive_bidding/meckwell, competitive_bidding/landy, competitive_bidding/multi_landy, competitive_bidding/suction (field level 5) Also reads: "Hamilton" as cappelletti; "Pottage" as cappelletti; "Disturbing Opponents NT" as dont; "Penalty" as other; "Natural" as other; "Standard" as other; "Strong - Suction" as suction; "Weak - Suction" as suction; "Strong 14+ (Meckwell)" as meckwell; "Weak (Cappelletti)" as cappelletti; "Strong 1NT" as other; "Weak 1NT" as other competitive.vs_1nt_weak.dbl Label: Vs weak 1NT: double Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_weak.2c Label: Vs weak 1NT: 2♣ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_weak.2d Label: Vs weak 1NT: 2♦ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_weak.2h Label: Vs weak 1NT: 2♥ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_weak.2s Label: Vs weak 1NT: 2♠ Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_weak.2nt Label: Vs weak 1NT: 2NT Value: text competitive.vs_1nt_weak.other Label: Vs weak 1NT: other Value: text competitive.dont.play Label: DONT Value: yes/no (true or false) About: Bridge-Classroom's DONT switch: plays DONT when vs_1nt_strong.system is unset or other Convention: competitive_bidding/dont (field level 5) competitive.cue_bid_raise.play Label: Cue-bid raise Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/support_cuebids (field level 4) competitive.lead_directing_double.play Label: Lead-directing doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/lead_directing_doubles (field level 5) competitive.lebensohl_weak_twos.play Label: Lebensohl after doubling a weak two Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/lebensohl (field level 7) Older paths: vs_preempts.lebensohl_response competitive.rubensohl_after_double.play Label: Rubensohl after doubling a weak two Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/rubensohl (field level 9) competitive.sandwich_nt.play Label: Sandwich NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/sandwich_nt (field level 7) competitive.snapdragon.play Label: Snapdragon doubles Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/snapdragon (field level 8) competitive.bromad.play Label: BROMAD Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/bromad (field level 8) competitive.ghestem.play Label: Ghestem Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/ghestem (field level 8) competitive.raptor_1nt.play Label: Raptor 1NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/raptor (field level 8) competitive.scrambling_2nt.play Label: Scrambling 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/scrambling_2nt (field level 7) competitive.fit_showing_jumps.play Label: Fit-showing jumps Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/fit_showing_jumps (field level 7) competitive.jordan_2nt.play Label: Jordan (Truscott) 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) About: 1M–(X)–2NT shows 4+ card support and 10+ points Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 5) Older paths: vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors.limit_plus competitive.new_suit_after_overcall_forcing Label: 1X–(Y)–2Z new suit forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 competitive.jump_shift_after_overcall Label: 1X–(1Y)–2Z jump shift Value: one of: weak, strong competitive.direct_jump_cuebid_major Label: Direct jump cuebid over a major Value: one of: gambling, minor, strong competitive.direct_jump_cuebid_minor Label: Direct jump cuebid over a minor Value: one of: gambling, majors, preempt competitive.notes Label: Defense vs 1NT notes (card write-in) Value: text Note: true [direct_cuebids] direct_cuebids.art_michaels Label: Cue of an artificial 1♣/1♦: Michaels Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 4) direct_cuebids.art_natural Label: Cue of an artificial 1♣/1♦: natural Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.art_other Label: Cue of an artificial 1♣/1♦: other Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.quasi_michaels Label: Cue of a possibly short 1♣/1♦: Michaels Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 4) direct_cuebids.quasi_natural Label: Cue of a possibly short 1♣/1♦: natural Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.quasi_other Label: Cue of a possibly short 1♣/1♦: other Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.nat_minors_michaels Label: Cue of a natural 1♣/1♦: Michaels (both majors) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 4) direct_cuebids.nat_minors_natural Label: Cue of a natural 1♣/1♦: natural Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.nat_minors_other Label: Cue of a natural 1♣/1♦: other Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.nat_majors_michaels Label: Cue of 1♥/1♠: Michaels (the other major and a minor) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual (field level 4) direct_cuebids.nat_majors_natural Label: Cue of 1♥/1♠: natural Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.nat_majors_other Label: Cue of 1♥/1♠: other Value: yes/no (true or false) direct_cuebids.description Label: Direct cuebids: notes Value: text [carding] carding.inverted_count Label: Inverted (upside-down) count Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/upside_down_signals (field level 6) carding.smith_echo Label: Smith echo Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/smith_echo (field level 8) carding.lavinthal.from_void Label: Lavinthal from void Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/lavinthal (field level 6) carding.lavinthal.on_ace Label: Lavinthal on ace Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/lavinthal (field level 6) carding.lavinthal.on_trump Label: Lavinthal on trump Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/lavinthal (field level 6) carding.lavinthal.to_void Label: Lavinthal to void Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/lavinthal (field level 6) carding.declarer_lead.attitude Label: Signal on declarer's lead: attitude Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 4) carding.declarer_lead.count Label: Signal on declarer's lead: count Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 4) carding.declarer_lead.suit_preference Label: Signal on declarer's lead: suit preference Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 5) carding.first_discard.standard Label: First discard: standard Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 3) Choice: carding.first_discard: one of these fields at most is on carding.first_discard.upside_down Label: First discard: upside-down Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/upside_down_signals (field level 6) Choice: carding.first_discard: one of these fields at most is on carding.first_discard.lavinthal Label: First discard: Lavinthal Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/lavinthal (field level 6) Choice: carding.first_discard: one of these fields at most is on carding.first_discard.lavinthal_suits Label: First discard: Lavinthal vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/lavinthal (field level 6) carding.first_discard.lavinthal_nt Label: First discard: Lavinthal vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/lavinthal (field level 6) carding.first_discard.odd_even Label: First discard: odd/even Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/odd_even_discards (field level 6) Choice: carding.first_discard: one of these fields at most is on carding.first_discard.odd_even_suits Label: First discard: odd/even vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/odd_even_discards (field level 6) carding.first_discard.odd_even_nt Label: First discard: odd/even vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/odd_even_discards (field level 6) carding.first_discard.other_suits Label: First discard: other, vs suits Value: text carding.first_discard.other_nt Label: First discard: other, vs NT Value: text carding.first_discard.notes Label: First discard: notes Value: text Note: true carding.exceptions Label: Carding exceptions Value: text carding.smith_echo_reverse Label: Reverse Smith echo Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/reverse_smith_echo (field level 8) carding.exceptions_present Label: Carding exceptions Value: yes/no (true or false) carding.exception_suits Label: Carding exceptions vs suits Value: text carding.exception_nt Label: Carding exceptions vs NT Value: text carding.upside_down_notes Label: Upside-down signals notes Value: text Note: true carding.foster_echo_suits Label: Foster echo vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) carding.foster_echo_nt Label: Foster echo vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) carding.special_carding Label: Special carding Value: yes/no (true or false) carding.suits.standard_attitude Label: Standard attitude vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 2) Choice: carding.suits.attitude: one of these fields at most is on carding.suits.standard_count Label: Standard count vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 3) Choice: carding.suits.count: one of these fields at most is on carding.suits.upside_down_attitude Label: Upside-down attitude vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/upside_down_signals (field level 6) Choice: carding.suits.attitude: one of these fields at most is on carding.suits.upside_down_count Label: Upside-down count vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/upside_down_signals (field level 6) Choice: carding.suits.count: one of these fields at most is on carding.nt.standard_attitude Label: Standard attitude vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 2) Choice: carding.nt.attitude: one of these fields at most is on carding.nt.standard_count Label: Standard count vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 3) Choice: carding.nt.count: one of these fields at most is on carding.nt.upside_down_attitude Label: Upside-down attitude vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/upside_down_signals (field level 6) Choice: carding.nt.attitude: one of these fields at most is on carding.nt.upside_down_count Label: Upside-down count vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/upside_down_signals (field level 6) Choice: carding.nt.count: one of these fields at most is on carding.partner_lead.attitude Label: Primary signal to partner's lead: attitude Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 2) Choice: carding.partner_lead: one of these fields at most is on carding.partner_lead.count Label: Primary signal to partner's lead: count Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 3) Choice: carding.partner_lead: one of these fields at most is on carding.partner_lead.suit_preference Label: Primary signal to partner's lead: suit preference Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/defensive_signals (field level 5) Choice: carding.partner_lead: one of these fields at most is on carding.smith_echo_suits Label: Smith echo vs suits Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/smith_echo (field level 8) carding.smith_echo_nt Label: Smith echo vs NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/smith_echo (field level 8) carding.trump_signals Label: Trump signals Value: text carding.trump_suit_preference Label: Trump suit preference Value: yes/no (true or false) About: A defender's spot cards in trumps show suit preference (high for the higher side suit), not count Convention: defense/trump_suit_preference (field level 6) carding.notes Label: Carding notes (card write-in) Value: text Note: true [other_conventions] other_conventions.fourth_suit_forcing.play Label: Fourth suit forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) About: We play fourth suit forcing (Bridge-Classroom's card); one_round / game_force say how far it forces. Turns off responder's natural two-level fourth suit (1♦–1♥–1♠–2♣) Convention: bidding_conventions/fourth_suit_forcing (field level 5) other_conventions.fourth_suit_forcing.one_round Label: Fourth suit forcing (1 round) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/fourth_suit_forcing (field level 5) Choice: other_conventions.fourth_suit_forcing: one of these fields at most is on other_conventions.fourth_suit_forcing.game_force Label: Fourth suit forcing (game force) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/fourth_suit_forcing (field level 5) Choice: other_conventions.fourth_suit_forcing: one of these fields at most is on Older paths: other_conventions.fourth_suit_forcing.game_forcing other_conventions.help_suit_game_tries.play Label: Help suit game tries Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/help_suit_game_try (field level 5) other_conventions.two_way_game_tries.play Label: Two-way game tries Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_way_game_tries (field level 8) other_conventions.reverse_bids.forcing Label: Reverses forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/reverse_bids (field level 4) other_conventions.new_minor_forcing.play Label: New minor forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/new_minor_forcing (field level 5) other_conventions.new_minor_forcing.after_2nt_rebid Label: NMF after a 2NT rebid Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/new_minor_forcing (field level 6) other_conventions.new_minor_forcing.by_passed_hand Label: NMF by a passed hand Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/new_minor_forcing (field level 6) other_conventions.two_way_nmf Label: Two-way new minor forcing Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_way_nmf (field level 8) other_conventions.two_way_nmf_by_passed_hand Label: Two-way NMF by a passed hand Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/two_way_nmf (field level 8) other_conventions.checkback.play Label: Checkback Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/checkback (field level 6) other_conventions.roudi.play Label: Roudi Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/roudi (field level 8) other_conventions.xyz Label: XYZ Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/xyz (field level 9) other_conventions.sos_redouble.play Label: SOS redouble Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/sos_redouble (field level 7) other_conventions.ingberman_2nt.play Label: Ingberman 2NT Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/ingberman (field level 7) other_conventions.jump_shift_response Label: Jump shift responses (as written) Value: text About: The card's jump-shift line as an importer wrote it ("Weak") other_conventions.notes Label: Other conventions notes Value: text Note: true other_conventions.vs_strong_open Label: Defense vs strong openings Value: text other_conventions.wolff_signoff.play Label: Wolff sign-off Value: yes/no (true or false) About: After 1x–1y–2NT, responder's 3♣ asks opener to bid 3♦, to pass or sign off in a suit; every other call but pass forces to game. No .bbsa key (BBA does not play it) Convention: bidding_conventions/wolff_signoff (field level 7) other_conventions.weak_jump_shifts_not_in_comp Label: Weak jump shifts (not in competition) Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/weak_jump_shifts (field level 5) other_conventions.weak_jump_shifts_in_comp Label: Weak jump shifts in competition Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/weak_jump_shifts (field level 5) other_conventions.weak_jump_shifts_notes Label: Weak jump shift notes Value: text Note: true other_conventions.nmf_notes Label: New minor forcing notes Value: text Note: true other_conventions.fourth_suit_forcing.notes Label: Fourth suit forcing notes Value: text Note: true other_conventions.notes_line_1 Label: Other conventions (write-in line 1) Value: text Note: true other_conventions.notes_line_2 Label: Other conventions (write-in line 2) Value: text Note: true [vs_to_double] vs_to_double.new_suit_forcing_1lvl Label: Vs takeout double: new suit forcing at the 1-level Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 vs_to_double.new_suit_forcing_2lvl Label: Vs takeout double: new suit forcing at the 2-level Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 vs_to_double.new_suit_forcing_tfr Label: Vs takeout double: transfer responses Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: bidding_conventions/transfers_after_double (field level 9) vs_to_double.jump_shift Label: Vs takeout double: jump shift Value: one of: weak, mixed, inv, forcing, fit vs_to_double.redouble.ten_plus Label: Vs takeout double: redouble shows 10+ Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 2 vs_to_double.redouble.conv Label: Vs takeout double: conventional redouble Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 7 vs_to_double.redouble.denies_fit Label: Vs takeout double: redouble implies no fit Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 4 vs_to_double.redouble.conv_desc Label: Vs takeout double: redouble notes Value: text Note: true vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors.play Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT raise of a major Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 5) vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors.limit Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT raise of a major, limit Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 5) Choice: vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors: one of these fields at most is on vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors.weak Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT raise of a major, weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 7) Choice: vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors: one of these fields at most is on vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors.range_min Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT over a major, minimum Value: whole number, 0..25 vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_majors.range_max Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT over a major, maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors.play Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT raise of a minor Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 6) vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors.limit_plus Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT raise of a minor, limit or better Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 6) Choice: vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors: one of these fields at most is on vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors.limit Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT raise of a minor, limit Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 6) Choice: vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors: one of these fields at most is on vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors.weak Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT raise of a minor, weak Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt (field level 7) Choice: vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors: one of these fields at most is on vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors.range_min Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT over a minor, minimum Value: whole number, 0..25 vs_to_double.two_nt_raise_minors.range_max Label: Vs takeout double: 2NT over a minor, maximum Value: whole number, 0..25 vs_to_double.notes Label: Vs takeout double notes (card write-in) Value: text Note: true [vs_preempts] vs_preempts.takeout_double Label: Vs preempts: double is takeout Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: competitive_bidding/takeout_doubles (field level 3) Choice: vs_preempts.double: one of these fields at most is on vs_preempts.takeout_double_thru Label: Vs preempts: takeout double through Value: text About: The highest preempt a double of is takeout (4♥: a double of 4♠ or higher is penalty) vs_preempts.takeout_double_penalty Label: Vs preempts: double is penalty Value: yes/no (true or false) Level: 5 Choice: vs_preempts.double: one of these fields at most is on vs_preempts.conv_takeout Label: Vs preempts: conventional takeout Value: text vs_preempts.two_nt_overcall Label: Vs preempts: 2NT overcall Value: text vs_preempts.cuebid Label: Vs preempts: cuebid Value: text vs_preempts.jump_overcalls Label: Vs preempts: jump overcalls Value: text vs_preempts.notes Label: Vs preempts notes (card write-in) Value: text Note: true [leads] leads.vs_suits.length.fourth_best Label: Length leads vs suits: fourth best Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 2) leads.vs_nt.length.fourth_best Label: Length leads vs NT: fourth best Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 2) leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_akx Label: Lead vs suits from AKx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the ace, 2 the king Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_AKx leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_xx Label: Lead vs suits from xx Value: whole number, 1..2 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_xxx Label: Lead vs suits from xxx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_xxxx Label: Lead vs suits from xxxx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_xxxxx Label: Lead vs suits from xxxxx Value: whole number, 1..5 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_hxx Label: Lead vs suits from Hxx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_Hxx leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_hxxx Label: Lead vs suits from Hxxx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_Hxxx leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_hxxxx Label: Lead vs suits from Hxxxx Value: whole number, 1..5 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.length.lead_choice_Hxxxx leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_kqx Label: Lead vs suits from KQx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_KQx leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_qjx Label: Lead vs suits from QJx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_QJx leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_jtx Label: Lead vs suits from JTx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_JTx leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_t9x Label: Lead vs suits from T9x Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_T9x leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_kjtx Label: Lead vs suits from KJTx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_KJTx leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_kt9x Label: Lead vs suits from KT9x Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_KT9x leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_qt9x Label: Lead vs suits from QT9x Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_suits.honors.lead_choice_QT9x leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_xx Label: Lead vs NT from xx Value: whole number, 1..2 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_xxx Label: Lead vs NT from xxx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_xxxx Label: Lead vs NT from xxxx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_xxxxx Label: Lead vs NT from xxxxx Value: whole number, 1..5 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_hxx Label: Lead vs NT from Hxx Value: whole number, 1..3 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_Hxx leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_hxxx Label: Lead vs NT from Hxxx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_Hxxx leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_hxxxx Label: Lead vs NT from Hxxxx Value: whole number, 1..5 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.length.lead_choice_Hxxxx leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_akxx Label: Lead vs NT from AKxx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_AKxx leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_kqjx Label: Lead vs NT from KQJx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_KQJx leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_kqt9 Label: Lead vs NT from KQT9 Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_KQT9 leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_qjtx Label: Lead vs NT from QJTx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_QJTx leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_jt9x Label: Lead vs NT from JT9x Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_JT9x leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_aqjx Label: Lead vs NT from AQJx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_AQJx leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_ajtx Label: Lead vs NT from AJTx Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_AJTx leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_kt9x Label: Lead vs NT from KT9x Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_KT9x leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_qt9x Label: Lead vs NT from QT9x Value: whole number, 1..4 About: The card led, by its place in the holding: 1 the top card Older paths: leads.vs_nt.honors.lead_choice_QT9x leads.vs_suits.length.third_fifth Label: Length leads vs suits: 3rd/5th Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_suits.length.third_low Label: Length leads vs suits: 3rd from even, low from odd Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_suits.length.attitude Label: Length leads vs suits: attitude Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_suits.length.small_from_xx Label: Leads vs suits: small from xx Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_suits.after_first_trick Label: Leads vs suits: after the first trick Value: text leads.vs_suits.exceptions Label: Leads vs suits: exceptions Value: text leads.vs_nt.length.third_fifth Label: Length leads vs NT: 3rd/5th Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_nt.length.third_low Label: Length leads vs NT: 3rd from even, low from odd Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_nt.length.second_from_4plus Label: Length leads vs NT: 2nd from 4 small Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_nt.length.attitude Label: Length leads vs NT: attitude Value: yes/no (true or false) Convention: defense/opening_leads (field level 4) leads.vs_nt.length.attitude_text Label: Length leads vs NT: attitude notes Value: text leads.vs_nt.after_first_trick Label: Leads vs NT: after the first trick Value: text leads.vs_nt.exceptions Label: Leads vs NT: exceptions Value: text [notes] notes.general Label: General notes Value: text notes.partnership_understandings Label: Partnership understandings Value: text notes.special_agreements Label: Special agreements Value: text notes.notrump_notes Label: NT notes Value: text notes.major_notes Label: Major opening notes Value: text notes.minor_notes Label: Minor opening notes Value: text notes.two_level_notes Label: Two-level notes Value: text notes.slam_notes Label: Slam notes Value: text notes.preempts_notes Label: Preempt notes Value: text notes.overcalls_notes Label: Overcall notes Value: text notes.nt_overcalls_notes Label: NT overcall notes Value: text notes.doubles_notes Label: Double notes Value: text notes.competitive_notes Label: Competitive notes Value: text notes.carding_notes Label: Carding notes Value: text notes.leads_notes Label: Opening lead notes Value: text notes.other_notes Label: Other notes Value: text CONVENTIONS (175) ----------------- The standard list: every convention and skill the tools share, by ID. Summaries are our own; "See" lists where to read more. basic_bidding/hand_evaluation Hand Evaluation, level 1 basic_bidding/major_suit_openings Major Suit Openings, level 1 basic_bidding/minor_suit_openings Minor Suit Openings, level 1 basic_bidding/notrump_openings Notrump Openings, level 1 bidding_conventions/bart BART, level 8 Written as: BART After 1♥ or 1♠, a forcing 1NT and opener's 2♣, responder's 2♦ is artificial, covering several stronger hands (a good club raise, a good preference, diamonds) that need room. See: BART (Larry Cohen) https://www.larryco.com/bridge-articles/bart bidding_conventions/benjamin_2d Benjamin 2♦, level 8 Written as: Benjamin; Benjamin twos; Benjamin 2♦ Openings in which 2♣ shows a strong two in any suit, 2♦ is the game-forcing hand, and 2♥ and 2♠ are weak twos, so there is no weak 2♦. See: Benjamin Twos (Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Twos bidding_conventions/bergen_raises Bergen raises, level 5 Written as: Bergen; Bergen raises; Bergen raise Over partner's 1♥ or 1♠, responder's jumps to 3♣ and 3♦ show four-card raises of different strength (usually 3♣ constructive, 3♦ limit) and 3M is preemptive, so opener knows the fit and strength at once. See: Bergen Raises (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/bergen_raises.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 13) See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 3) See: Bergen Raises (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/572 bidding_conventions/blackwood Blackwood, level 2 Written as: Blackwood; Standard Blackwood; Easley Blackwood; Plain Blackwood; 4NT ace ask Once a trump suit is agreed, 4NT asks how many aces partner holds: 5♣ none or four, 5♦ one, 5♥ two, 5♠ three. 5NT then asks for kings the same way. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 1) bidding_conventions/checkback Checkback, level 6 Written as: Checkback; Checkback Stayman Played instead of NMF: after opener's notrump rebid, a fixed suit (usually 2♣) asks about support and majors, whichever minor was bid. bidding_conventions/control_bids Control (Cue) Bids, level 5 Written as: Control bids; Cue bids; Cuebids; Control-showing bids; Italian cuebids; Ace-and-king cuebids With a trump suit agreed and slam possible, bidding a new suit below game shows a control there (an ace or void, and in many styles a king or singleton), so the partnership can find out whether a suit is unguarded before asking for keycards. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 20) See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 20) See: Slam Bidding: Control-Showing Bids (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/406 bidding_conventions/depo DEPO, level 7 Written as: DEPO; Double even, pass odd Played instead of DOPI: when they interfere over a keycard ask, double shows an even number of keycards and pass an odd number. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 15) bidding_conventions/dopi_ropi DOPI and ROPI, level 7 Written as: DOPI; ROPI; DOPI/ROPI; D0P1; R0P1 When the opponents interfere over a keycard ask, double shows no keycards (or none of the first step) and pass shows one (DOPI); after they double, redouble shows none and pass one (ROPI). The next steps continue. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 15) See: DOPI and ROPI (ACBL Unit 390) https://www.acblunit390.org/Simon/dopi-ropi.htm See: Slam Bidding: Dealing with Interference Over Ace-Asking Bids (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/536 bidding_conventions/drury Drury, level 5 Written as: Drury; Original Drury By a passed hand over partner's third- or fourth-seat 1♥ or 1♠, 2♣ asks whether opener has a full opening, with a fit for the major. In the original form opener's 2♦ shows a light opening; Reverse Drury swaps opener's replies. bidding_conventions/exclusion_blackwood Exclusion Blackwood, level 7 Written as: Exclusion Blackwood; Exclusion; Exclusion RKC; Voidwood A jump to the five level in a new suit after agreeing trumps shows a void there and asks for keycards outside it, so the ace in the void suit does not count. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 10) See: Exclusion Keycard (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/584 bidding_conventions/flannery Flannery 2♦, level 6 Written as: Flannery; Flannery 2♦ An opening 2♦ showing a minimum opening with five hearts and four spades, so responder can find a spade fit without opener having to reverse or rebid awkwardly. See: Flannery 2♦ (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/flannery_2d.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 2) bidding_conventions/forcing_1nt Forcing 1NT, level 4 Written as: Forcing 1NT; Forcing NT; 1NT forcing; 1NT forcing response Over partner's 1♥ or 1♠, responder's 1NT is forcing for one round, covering a wide range of hands including invitational ones; opener must bid again, on a three-card minor if need be. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 19) bidding_conventions/fourth_suit_forcing Fourth Suit Forcing, level 5 Written as: Fourth suit forcing; 4th suit forcing; FSF; Fourth suit game force When three suits have been bid, responder's bid of the fourth suit is artificial and forcing (for one round, or to game by agreement), asking opener to describe the hand further. See: Fourth Suit Forcing (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/fourth_suit_forcing.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 21) See: 2/1: Bidding the 4th Suit (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/424 bidding_conventions/french_2d French 2♦, level 8 Written as: French 2♦ An opening 2♦ with an artificial meaning in the French style; details vary by partnership, so the card's notes say which. bidding_conventions/gambling_3nt Gambling 3NT, level 6 Written as: Gambling 3NT; Gambling; Acol 3NT An opening 3NT showing a long, solid minor with little outside. Partner passes with stoppers in the other suits, and otherwise runs to four or five of the minor. See: Gambling 3NT (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/gambling_3nt.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 6) See: NT Auctions: Trick-Showing NT Bids - Gambling 3NT and More (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/519 bidding_conventions/gazzilli Gazzilli, level 9 Written as: Gazzilli After 1♥ or 1♠ and a 1NT response, opener's 2♣ is artificial: either natural clubs or any strong hand. Responder's 2♦ asks, letting opener show strong hands at the two level. See: Constructive Bidding: Modern Gazzilli (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/488 bidding_conventions/gerber Gerber, level 3 Written as: Gerber; 4♣ Gerber; 1430 Gerber A jump to 4♣ over partner's notrump asks for aces, with steps answering as for Blackwood (4♦ none or four, 4♥ one, and so on), leaving 4NT as a natural raise. See: Gerber (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/gerber.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 1) See: Slam Bidding: Gerber and 1430 Gerber (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/402 bidding_conventions/grand_slam_force Grand slam force, level 6 Written as: Grand slam force; GSF; Josephine; 5NT grand slam force A jump to 5NT (not after a keycard ask) asks partner to bid the grand slam in the agreed suit holding two of the top three trump honours. See: Grand Slam Force (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/grand_slam_force.php bidding_conventions/help_suit_game_try Help Suit Game Try, level 5 Written as: Help suit game try; Help-suit game try; Help suit After a major-suit raise, opener's new suit is a game try asking for help there: responder bids game with honours or shortness in that suit and signs off without. See: Help Suit Game Try (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/help_suit_game_try.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 14) See: Help Suit Game Tries (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/465 bidding_conventions/impossible_2s Impossible 2♠, level 7 Written as: Impossible 2♠; Impossible Spade; Impossible 2S After 1♥–1NT–2♣ or 2♦, responder's 2♠ cannot be natural, so it shows a good raise of opener's minor, forcing to three of it. See: The Impossible Spade Bid (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/269 See: Impossible 2 Spade (Kiva Bridge Club) http://kivabridgeclub.com/images/Impossible%202%20Spade.pdf bidding_conventions/ingberman Ingberman 2NT, level 7 Written as: Ingberman; Ingberman 2NT; Lebensohl after a reverse After opener reverses, responder's 2NT relays to 3♣ to show a weak hand, so other bids by responder show values. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 11) See: Lebensohl over Reverses (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/417 bidding_conventions/inverted_minors Inverted Minor Raises, level 5 Written as: Inverted minors; Inverted minor raises; Inverted raises Over partner's 1♣ or 1♦, the single raise is strong (invitational or better, forcing one round) and the jump raise is weak, the reverse of the natural meanings. It usually denies a four-card major. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 17) See: Inverted Minors and 1D-2C Auctions with Structure (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/591 bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt Jacoby 2NT, level 4 Written as: Jacoby 2NT; Jacoby 2N; Jacoby Over partner's 1♥ or 1♠, responder's 2NT shows four or more trumps and game- forcing values. Opener's rebid describes the hand: a short suit at the three level, a good second suit at the four level, or strength by 3M, 3NT or 4M. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 10) See: Slam Bidding: Jacoby 2NT (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/407 bidding_conventions/jacoby_2nt_splinters Jacoby 2NT & Splinters, level 4 bidding_conventions/jacoby_transfers Jacoby Transfers, level 3 Written as: Jacoby transfers; Jacoby; transfers; Texas; Texas transfers; 4-level transfers Over partner's 1NT, 2♦ shows five or more hearts and 2♥ five or more spades; opener bids the next suit, so the strong hand declares. Texas does the same at the four level (4♦ for hearts, 4♥ for spades) with game values. See: Texas Transfer (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/texas_transfer.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 2) See: NT Auctions: Opponents' Doubles of Our Stayman and Transfers (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/520 bidding_conventions/kickback Kickback, level 9 Written as: Kickback; Kickback keycard; Redwood A keycard ask in the suit above trumps instead of 4NT: 4♦ with clubs as trumps, 4♥ with diamonds, 4♠ with hearts, and 4NT with spades. The answers then never take the auction past five of the trump suit. See: Kickback Keycard Ask (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/582 bidding_conventions/kokish Kokish relay, level 8 Written as: Kokish; Kokish relay After 2♣–2♦, opener's 2♥ is a relay: either hearts or a strong balanced hand. Responder must bid 2♠, and opener's next bid says which, which keeps the strong 2NT rebid out of the way. See: Kokish Relay (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/kokish_relay.php See: Kokish Over Strong 2C (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/576 bidding_conventions/kokish_game_tries Kokish game tries, level 9 Written as: Kokish game tries A structure of game tries after a major-suit raise that uses the next step as a relay, so opener can make several kinds of try. See: Kokish Game Tries (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/588 bidding_conventions/lars_multi Lars Multi 2♦, level 9 Written as: Lars Multi; Lars Multi 2♦ A Multi 2♦ that shows a weak two in either major or a 20–21 balanced hand. bidding_conventions/last_train Last Train, level 9 Written as: Last Train; Last train to Clarksville When the only bid left between a fit and game in the agreed major is one step below it, that bid is a general slam try rather than showing anything in its suit. See: Last Train (Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Train_(bridge) See: Slam Bidding: Last Train Slam Try (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/540 bidding_conventions/mccabe McCabe adjunct, level 8 Written as: McCabe; McCabe adjunct After partner's weak two is doubled, responder's new suits and 2NT say what to lead rather than show length, so the partnership can compete and direct the defence at once. See: McCabe Responses to Preempts (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/468 See: Transfer McCabe Responses to Preempts (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/606 bidding_conventions/mini_roman_2d Mini-Roman 2♦, level 7 Written as: Mini-Roman; Mini Roman; Roman 2♦; Mini-Maxi Roman An opening 2♦ showing a three-suited hand (4-4-4-1 or 5-4-4-0) of opening strength; responder bids the cheapest suit to play or 2NT to ask for the short suit. See: Mini-Roman 2♦ (ACBL Unit 390) https://www.acblunit390.org/Simon/mini-roman.htm bidding_conventions/minor_suit_stayman Minor Suit Stayman, level 6 Written as: Minor Suit Stayman; MSS; 2♠ Minor Suit Stayman Over partner's 1NT (or 2NT), a bid, usually 2♠, asks opener for a four-card minor, for responder with both minors and slam interest or a hand looking for a minor-suit game. See: Minor Suit Stayman (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/minor_suit_stayman.php bidding_conventions/minor_suit_transfers Minor-Suit Transfers over 1NT, level 5 Written as: minor suit transfers; minor-suit transfers; four-suit transfers; 4-way transfers; four way transfers; 2♠ relay Over partner's 1NT, responder's 2♠ and 2NT (or 3♣) are transfers or relays to the minors, so a long minor can be shown weak to play or strong with slam interest. See: Minor Suit Transfers (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/minor_suit_transfers.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 5) bidding_conventions/minorwood Minorwood, level 7 Written as: Minorwood; 4m keycard; Crosswood With a minor agreed, four of that minor asks for keycards instead of 4NT, keeping the answers low enough to stop in five of the minor. See: Slam Bidding: Minorwood (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/405 bidding_conventions/modified_jacoby_2nt Modified Jacoby 2NT, level 6 Written as: Modified Jacoby 2NT; Modified Jacoby Played instead of standard Jacoby 2NT: responder's 2NT is the same raise, but opener's rebids are rearranged, usually so that 3♣ shows a minimum and responder can then ask for shortness. bidding_conventions/muiderberg Muiderberg twos, level 8 Written as: Muiderberg; Muiderberg twos; Muiderberg 2♥/2♠ Openings of 2♥ and 2♠ that show five cards in the major and four or more in a minor, with less than an opening bid. See: Muiderberg Two Bids (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/muiderberg_two_bids.php bidding_conventions/multi_2d Multi 2♦, level 8 Written as: Multi; Multi 2♦; Multi-colored 2♦; Multi 2D An opening 2♦ that shows a weak two in either major, or one of a few strong hands. Responder bids to cater for either major, and opener's rebid resolves which. See: Multi 2♦ (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/multi_2d.php See: Multi 2 diamonds (Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi_2_diamonds See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 25) bidding_conventions/namyats Namyats, level 6 Written as: Namyats; 4♣/4♦ transfer to 4♥/4♠; South African Texas Openings of 4♣ and 4♦ show a strong four-level preempt in hearts and spades respectively, so a direct 4♥ or 4♠ opening is weaker. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 8) bidding_conventions/new_minor_forcing New Minor Forcing, level 5 Written as: New minor forcing; NMF After opener's 1NT rebid, responder's bid of the unbid minor is artificial and forcing, asking opener about three-card support for responder's major or a four-card other major. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 22) See: New Minor Forcing Fundamentals (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/227 bidding_conventions/ogust Ogust, level 5 Written as: Ogust; Ogust 2NT After partner's weak two, responder's 2NT asks about the hand in steps: 3♣ bad hand bad suit, 3♦ bad hand good suit, 3♥ good hand bad suit, 3♠ good hand good suit, 3NT a solid suit. See: Ogust (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/ogust.php bidding_conventions/over_splinters Over-splinters, level 9 Written as: Over-splinter; Over-splinters A jump one level beyond a normal splinter, used when the normal splinter bid has another meaning, to show shortness and a fit. See: Fits and More: Over-Splinters (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/530 bidding_conventions/pick_a_slam_5nt Pick-a-slam 5NT, level 7 Written as: Pick-a-slam; 5NT pick a slam; 5NT choice of slams A 5NT bid, not after a keycard ask, asks partner to choose among several possible slams, usually in notrump or in a suit partner prefers. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 23) See: Slam Bidding: 5NT Choice of Slams (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/535 bidding_conventions/picture_3nt 1M–3NT picture raise, level 7 Written as: Picture 3NT; 1M-3NT; 3NT picture bid; Picture bid Over partner's 1♥ or 1♠, responder's 3NT is a game-forcing raise with a balanced hand and good trumps, better than a direct raise to four. See: 1-Major – 3NT (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/628 bidding_conventions/polish_two_suiters Polish two-suiters, level 9 Written as: Polish two-suiters; Polish 2♥/2♠ Weak openings at the two level that show two-suited hands, with the second suit unknown or limited, as used in Polish Club. bidding_conventions/precision_2d Precision 2♦, level 7 Written as: Precision 2♦ In Precision, an opening 2♦ shows a limited opening short in diamonds, usually 4-4-1-4 or 4-4-0-5 with 11-15 points. bidding_conventions/preempt_keycard Keycard over preempts, level 9 Written as: Preempt keycard; Keycard over preempts; 4♣ keycard over a weak two After partner's preempt, an agreed bid (often 4♣) asks for keycards in partner's suit, since 4NT would take the auction too high. See: Preempt Keycard (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/578 bidding_conventions/preemptive_bids Preemptive Bids, level 3 bidding_conventions/puppet_stayman Puppet Stayman, level 7 Written as: Puppet Stayman; Puppet; 5-card Stayman; five-card Stayman A form of Stayman, usually over 2NT, that finds five-card majors as well as four-card ones: 3♣ asks, opener shows a five-card major directly or bids 3♦ with a four-card major, and responder then bids the major responder does not hold. See: Puppet Stayman (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/puppet_stayman.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 16) See: NT Auctions: Puppet Stayman and 5-Card Stayman (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/523 bidding_conventions/range_stayman Range Stayman, level 6 Written as: Range Stayman; Size ask; 2♠ size ask Over partner's 1NT, a bid (often 2♠, or 2♣ then 2♠) asks whether opener is minimum or maximum, for responder with an invitation to 2NT or a minor-suit hand. See: NT and Balancing Auctions: Range Stayman (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/560 See: NT Auctions: 2S Size Ask Response (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/522 bidding_conventions/reverse_bergen_raises Reverse Bergen raises, level 6 Written as: Reverse Bergen Played instead of Bergen raises: the same four-card raises with the meanings of 3♣ and 3♦ swapped. bidding_conventions/reverse_bids Reverse Bids, level 4 Written as: Reverse; Reverses; Reverse bid Opener's rebid in a new suit higher than the first, at the two level, shows extra strength and a longer first suit; it is forcing for one round in most styles. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 7) bidding_conventions/reverse_drury Reverse Drury, level 5 Written as: Reverse Drury; Drury By a passed hand over partner's third- or fourth-seat 1♥ or 1♠, 2♣ shows a limit raise with three or more trumps. Opener rebids two of the major with a light opening; other bids show a full one. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 12) See: Fits and More: 2-Way Reverse Drury (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/525 bidding_conventions/reverse_flannery Reverse Flannery, level 8 Written as: Reverse Flannery An opening of 2♥ (or 2♦) showing five or more spades and four or more hearts with less than an opening, a two-suited preempt in the majors. See: Reverse Flannery (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/590 See: Flannery and Reverse Flannery (Dural Bridge) http://www.duralbridge.com/flannery.ing.htm bidding_conventions/roman_keycard Roman Keycard, level 4 Written as: RKCB; Roman Keycard; Roman Key Card Blackwood; Keycard; 1430; 0314 4NT asks for five keycards, the four aces and the trump king. 1430 answers 5♣ one or four, 5♦ three or none, 5♥ two without the trump queen, 5♠ two with it; 0314 swaps 5♣ and 5♦. The next step asks for the trump queen. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 9) See: Slam Bidding: 1430 Keycard Blackwood (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/403 bidding_conventions/roudi Roudi, level 8 Written as: Roudi A checkback used in Acol and similar systems after opener's 1NT rebid, with 2♣ asking about support and strength. bidding_conventions/semi_forcing_1nt Semi-forcing 1NT, level 5 Written as: Semi-forcing 1NT; Semi-forcing NT; 1NT semi-forcing Played instead of the forcing 1NT: responder's 1NT over a major is forcing only if opener has more than a minimum, so opener may pass with a balanced minimum. See: 2 over 1 Game Forcing: Responder's Rebids after 1NT Semi-Forcing Response (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/375 bidding_conventions/serious_3nt Serious 3NT, level 9 Written as: Serious 3NT; Non-serious 3NT; Frivolous 3NT In a game-forcing auction with a major agreed at the three level, 3NT is artificial and says whether the bidder is serious about slam (serious or non-serious by agreement), before control bids begin. See: Slam Bidding: Non-Serious 3NT (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/539 bidding_conventions/six_key_rkcb Six-key Roman Keycard, level 9 Written as: Six-key RKCB; 6-key RKC; Six key Blackwood Roman Keycard with two trump suits: six keycards, the four aces and both trump kings, plus both trump queens, when the partnership has a fit in two suits. See: 6-Key Roman Key Card (Long Beach Bridge) https://longbeachbridge.com/6-key-roman-key-card/ bidding_conventions/smolen Smolen, level 4 Written as: Smolen After 1NT–2♣–2♦, responder with five cards in one major, four in the other and game values jumps to three of the four-card major, so the strong hand becomes declarer in a 5-3 fit. See: Smolen and 5/5 Majors After a 2NT Opening (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/634 bidding_conventions/soloway Soloway jump shifts, level 8 Written as: Soloway; Soloway jump shifts Responder's jump shifts are strong and describe the hand by type: a one- suiter, a fit for opener, or a balanced hand, as GIB plays them. See: Soloway Jump Shift (BBO GIB system notes) https://www.bridgebase.com/doc/gib_system_notes.php#Soloway_Jump_Shift bidding_conventions/spiral Spiral, level 8 Written as: Spiral; Spiral cue bids; Spiral 2NT A relay that asks about trump length and quality in steps once a fit is found, so the asker can judge game or slam from how good the trumps are. See: Fits and More: 2NT Trump Suit Game Try - Spiral (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/529 bidding_conventions/splinters Splinters, level 5 Written as: Splinters; Splinter; Splinter bids; Splinter raise; Mini-splinters A double jump in a new suit, by responder or by opener, shows a singleton or void there and a fit with game values, so partner can judge slam by how well the hands fit. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 11) See: Slam Bidding: Splinter Bids by Responder (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/408 See: Slam Bidding: Splinters by Opener (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/409 bidding_conventions/stayman Stayman, level 3 Written as: Stayman; Regular Stayman; Non-forcing Stayman; Forcing Stayman; Garbage Stayman; Crawling Stayman Over partner's 1NT, 2♣ asks opener for a four-card major: 2♦ denies one, 2♥ or 2♠ shows it. Responder uses it to find a 4-4 major fit with invitational or better values; Garbage Stayman uses it weak, planning to pass any reply. See: Stayman (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/stayman.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 3) See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 9) See: Stayman Auctions After a 2NT Opening (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/633 bidding_conventions/strong_2c Strong 2♣, level 3 Written as: Strong 2♣; 2♣ strong; Strong artificial 2♣; 2♣ forcing An opening 2♣, artificial and forcing, for the strongest hands: game-forcing or nearly so, balanced or not. Responder usually bids 2♦ to wait, and opener then describes the hand. See: Strong 2♣ (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/strong_2c.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 6) See: 2C Opening Bids (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/415 bidding_conventions/super_accept Super-Accepting a Transfer, level 5 Written as: super-accept; super accept; superaccept; super-acceptance After partner's transfer over 1NT, opener with four-card support and a maximum bids above the two-level completion to say so, and responder can bid a thin game. See: NT Auctions: Superaccepting Jacoby Transfers (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/518 bidding_conventions/tislevoll Tislevoll slam try, level 9 Written as: Tislevoll After partner opens a major and the opponents preempt, responder's 4♣ and 4♦ are slam tries in partner's major that show or deny a control in the opponents' suit. bidding_conventions/transfer_walsh Transfer Walsh, level 9 Written as: Transfer Walsh; Transfer responses to 1♣; transfer responses Over partner's 1♣, responder's 1♦ and 1♥ are transfers to the next suit, showing four or more cards in it, and 1♠ denies a four-card major. Opener can accept the transfer, so the 1♣ hand often declares. See: Transfer Walsh (Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_Walsh bidding_conventions/transfers_after_double Transfers after a takeout double, level 9 Written as: Transfer responses after a double; Transfers over a double; Rubin transfers After partner's opening is doubled for takeout, responder's new-suit bids are transfers to the next suit, so opener can accept or show a fit and responder can describe more hands. See: 1-Major (X) Transfers (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/598 See: 1-minor (X) Transfers (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/599 bidding_conventions/two_heart_bust 2♥ bust over 2♣, level 7 Written as: Parrish; 2♥ bust; Parrish 2♥ bust; Double negative; Second negative After 2♣–2♦ and opener's natural rebid, a cheapest-suit reply shows a very weak hand, so opener knows when to stop short of game. The Parrish form uses 2♥ as the bust in some auctions. See: Todd Busts over 2C Opening Bids (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/593 bidding_conventions/two_over_one 2/1 Game Force, level 4 Written as: 2/1; 2/1 game force; two over one; 2 over 1; 2/1 GF After a one-level opening, responder's new suit at the two level, without jumping and by an unpassed hand, forces to game. The auction can then go slowly, with room to describe both hands. See: 2 over 1 Game Forcing: Modern Bridge Standard (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/641 See: Vic's Views: Building a new partnership – part 1 (Vic Quiros, ACBL Bridge Bulletin, September 2026, p. 70) bidding_conventions/two_way_drury Two-way Drury, level 6 Written as: Two-way Drury; 2-way Drury; Two-way Reverse Drury Played instead of Drury: a passed hand's 2♣ and 2♦ over partner's third- or fourth-seat major both show limit raises, split by trump length (usually 2♣ three trumps, 2♦ four). See: Fits and More: 2-Way Reverse Drury (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/525 bidding_conventions/two_way_game_tries Two-way game tries, level 8 Written as: Two-way game tries; Two-way game try After a major raise, opener's 2NT (or the next step) is a relay for one kind of game try and new suits are another, so opener can make short-suit and long-suit tries. See: Two-way Game Try (BBO GIB system notes) https://www.bridgebase.com/doc/gib_system_notes.php#Two-way_Game_Try bidding_conventions/two_way_nmf Two-way new minor forcing, level 8 Written as: Two-way NMF; Two-way new minor forcing; xyNT Played instead of NMF: after opener's 1NT rebid, responder's 2♣ relays to 2♦ (to sign off or invite) and 2♦ is game forcing. See: Two-Way New Minor Forcing aka xyNT (Bridge Winners) https://bridgewinners.com/article/view/two-way-new-minor-forcing-aka-xynt See: 2-Way New Minor Forcing and Wolff Signoff (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/586 bidding_conventions/walsh Walsh, level 4 Written as: Walsh; Walsh style; Walsh responses Over partner's 1♣, responder with a weak or moderate hand bids a four-card major ahead of longer diamonds, so opener can rebid 1NT with any balanced hand knowing no 4-4 major fit is lost. See: Walsh Style (Larry Cohen) https://www.larryco.com/bridge-articles/walsh-style See: Thinking and Responding: Walsh and Extended Walsh (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/511 bidding_conventions/weak_2s Weak Twos, level 3 Written as: Weak twos; Weak two; Weak 2; Weak two-bids An opening 2♦, 2♥ or 2♠ shows a good six-card suit and less than an opening bid, as a preempt. Responder's 2NT usually asks for more, and a raise continues the preempt. See: Weak Two (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/weak_two.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 5) See: Modern 2-Level Preemptive Openings (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/411 bidding_conventions/weak_jump_shifts Weak jump shifts, level 5 Written as: Weak jump shifts; Weak jump shift; WJS Responder's jump in a new suit over partner's one-level opening shows a long suit and a weak hand, rather than a strong one. See: Weak Jump Shifts (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/weak_jump_shifts.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 12) See: Thinking and Responding: Jump Shifts After 1-Level Openings - Weak and Invitational (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/512 bidding_conventions/western_cuebid Western cue bid, level 4 Written as: Western cue bid; Western cuebid; Asking for a stopper A cue bid of the opponents' suit when looking for 3NT asks partner to bid notrump with a stopper in that suit. See: Thinking and Responding: Western Cuebids (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/510 bidding_conventions/wilkosz Wilkosz 2♦, level 9 Written as: Wilkosz An opening 2♦ showing a weak two-suited hand with at least five cards in each of two suits, one of them a major. bidding_conventions/wolff_signoff Wolff signoff, level 7 Written as: Wolff; Wolff signoff; Transfer Wolff After opener's 2NT rebid (1m–1M–2NT), responder's 3♣ forces opener to bid 3♦, so responder can sign off in a suit or show weaker hands; other three- level bids force. See: 2-Way New Minor Forcing and Wolff Signoff (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/586 See: Transfer Wolff Over 2NT Rebids (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/595 bidding_conventions/xyz XYZ, level 9 Written as: XYZ; xyz After any three one-level bids, responder's 2♣ relays to 2♦ and 2♦ is game forcing, extending two-way checkback to every such auction. See: XYZ (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/587 competitive_bidding/advancing_overcalls Responding to Overcalls, level 3 competitive_bidding/anti_lead_directing_doubles Anti-lead-directing doubles, level 9 Written as: Anti-lead-directing double; Anti lead directing When a lead-directing double of an artificial bid is expected, a double asks partner not to lead that suit, and a pass says nothing. See: Competitive Auctions: Anti-Lead Directing Doubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/556 competitive_bidding/balancing Balancing, level 4 competitive_bidding/bromad BROMAD, level 8 Written as: BROMAD; Bergen raises over a double Bergen raises used over the opponents' takeout double of partner's major (Bergen Raises Over Major Doubles), with the structure adjusted for the double. competitive_bidding/cappelletti Cappelletti over 1NT, level 5 Written as: Cappelletti; Hamilton; Pottage Over their 1NT: double is for penalty, 2♣ shows a one-suited hand, 2♦ both majors, 2♥ and 2♠ that major and a minor, 2NT both minors. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 1) competitive_bidding/collante Collante, level 8 Written as: Collante After partner's 1♣ and their 1♦ (or 1♦ and 1♥), a double shows four cards in the next suit up and a bid of it shows five or more. competitive_bidding/crash CRASH, level 9 Written as: CRASH A defence to a strong 1♣ opening: overcalls show two-suited hands by colour, rank and shape (CRASH: Colour, RAnk, SHape). See: CRASH (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/crash.php competitive_bidding/defense_vs_1nt Defending against 1NT, level 5 Written as: Defense to 1NT; Defence to 1NT; Conventional defense to 1NT An agreement on what overcalls and doubles of the opponents' 1NT mean, usually a system that shows two-suited hands at the two level. The card names which one, against strong and weak notrumps. competitive_bidding/defense_vs_preempts Defending against Preempts, level 4 competitive_bidding/dont DONT, level 5 Written as: DONT; D.O.N.T.; Disturb Opponents' No Trump; Disturbing Opponents NT Over their strong 1NT: double shows one long suit (partner relays 2♣); 2♣ and 2♦ show that suit and a higher one; 2♥ both majors; 2♠ six or more spades. See: DONT (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/dont.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 18) See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 7) See: NT Bidding: DONT and Meckwell (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/541 competitive_bidding/equal_level_conversion Equal level conversion, level 6 Written as: Equal level conversion; ELC After a takeout double and partner's forced response, the doubler's bid of another suit at the same level shows a two-suited hand without extra strength, rather than a strong one. See: Equal Level Conversion (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/equal_level_conversion.php competitive_bidding/exit_transfers Exit transfers, level 8 Written as: Exit transfers; Runout after 1NT doubled When the opponents double partner's 1NT, redouble and suit bids are transfers to the next suit to escape, and pass forces a redouble for two- suited runouts. See: Exit Transfers (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/exit_transfers.php competitive_bidding/fit_showing_jumps Fit-showing jumps, level 7 Written as: Fit-showing jumps; Fit jumps; Fit showing jump In competition, a jump in a new suit shows a good suit there and a fit for partner, so partner can judge how the hands fit. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 14) See: Fit-Showing Jumps (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/574 competitive_bidding/forcing_pass Forcing pass, level 6 Written as: Forcing pass When the partnership has shown game-invitational or better values and an opponent bids, a pass is forcing: it asks partner to double or bid, and shows interest in continuing. See: Slam Bidding: Forcing Pass Auctions (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/532 competitive_bidding/ghestem Ghestem, level 8 Written as: Ghestem Played instead of Michaels and the Unusual 2NT: 2NT, a cue bid and a jump cue bid each show a specific pair of suits. competitive_bidding/good_bad_2nt Good/bad 2NT, level 9 Written as: Good/bad 2NT; Good-bad 2NT; Good bad 2NT In a competitive auction where the opponents have just bid at the two level, 2NT is artificial and shows a weak hand that wants to compete to the three level; bidding the three level directly is stronger. See: Competitive Auctions: Good/Bad 2NT in Competition (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/554 competitive_bidding/jordan_2nt Jordan 2NT, level 5 Written as: Jordan; Jordan 2NT; Truscott; Jordan Truscott 2NT; Dormer After partner's opening is doubled for takeout, responder's 2NT shows a limit raise or better in partner's suit, leaving the direct raises weak. See: Jordan 2NT (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/jordan_2nt.php competitive_bidding/landy Landy, level 4 Written as: Landy Over their 1NT, 2♣ shows both majors; other overcalls are natural. competitive_bidding/law_of_total_tricks The Law of Total Tricks, level 4 competitive_bidding/lead_directing_doubles Lead-directing doubles, level 5 Written as: Lead-directing double; Lead directing double; Lightner A double of an artificial bid (a cue bid, Stayman, a transfer, a response to an ace ask) or of a slam asks partner to lead that suit, or a specific unusual suit. See: Lead Directing Double (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/lead_directing_double.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 24) See: Lead-Directing Doubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/467 competitive_bidding/leaping_michaels Leaping Michaels, level 7 Written as: Leaping Michaels; Leaping Mich; Leap Mich Over their weak two, a jump to four of a minor shows that minor and the other major (or both majors over a minor), five-five with game values. See: Leaping Michaels (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/leaping_michaels.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 18) See: Competitive Bidding: Leaping Michaels (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/484 competitive_bidding/lebensohl Lebensohl, level 5 Written as: Lebensohl; Lebensohl over interference; slow shows; fast denies When they overcall partner's 1NT, responder's 2NT is a relay to 3♣: the two- step route shows a weaker or different hand from a direct bid, and whether responder cue-bids fast or slow tells whether a stopper is held. See: Lebensohl (Larry Cohen) https://www.larryco.com/bridge-articles/lebensohl See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 25) See: NT Bidding: Responding to 1NT in Competition - Lebensohl (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/545 competitive_bidding/mathe Mathe, level 7 Written as: Mathe; Mathe over 1♣ A defence to a strong 1♣ opening: double shows the majors, 1NT the minors, and suit bids are natural. See: Mathe (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/mathe_1c.php See: Competitive Bidding: Bidding Over Strong 2C (and 1C) Openings - Mathe (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/191 competitive_bidding/maximal_doubles Maximal doubles, level 6 Written as: Maximal double; Maximal doubles When the opponents have competed to the three level just below your suit, a double is a game try rather than penalty, since there is no room for another try. See: Maximal Double (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/maximal_double.php See: Non-Takeout Doubles: Card-Showing, Maximal, Penalty, Lead-Directing (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/357 competitive_bidding/meckwell Meckwell over 1NT, level 5 Written as: Meckwell; Meckwell defense Over their 1NT: double shows a one-suited minor or both majors; 2♣ and 2♦ show that minor and a major; 2♥ and 2♠ are natural; 2NT shows both minors. See: Meckwell Defense to 1NT (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/meckwell_defense_to_1nt.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 19) See: NT Bidding: DONT and Meckwell (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/541 competitive_bidding/michaels_unusual Michaels & Unusual 2NT, level 4 Written as: Michaels; Michaels cue bid; Michaels cuebid; Unusual 2NT; Unusual notrump; Unusual NT Two-suited overcalls. A cue bid of their suit shows five-five in two other suits (over a minor, the majors; over a major, the other major and a minor); a jump to 2NT shows the two lowest unbid suits. See: Michaels Cuebid (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/michaels_cuebid.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 17) See: Competitive Bidding: Michaels Cuebid (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/480 See: Competitive Bidding: Unusual 2NT (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/481 competitive_bidding/mitchell_stayman Mitchell Stayman, level 8 Written as: Mitchell Stayman After partner's minor opening and their 1NT overcall, responder's 2♣ shows both majors (five-four) with modest values, and opener chooses. competitive_bidding/mixed_raise Mixed raise, level 6 Written as: Mixed raise; Mixed raises; Mixed-raise After partner's overcall, advancer's jump cuebid of the opponents' suit shows a mixed raise: four-card support with values between a preemptive jump raise and a limit raise. The plain cuebid is then a limit raise or better. competitive_bidding/modified_cappelletti Modified Cappelletti, level 6 Written as: Modified Cappelletti Played instead of Cappelletti: over their 1NT, 2♣ shows a one-suited minor or a major and a minor, and 2♥ and 2♠ are natural one-suiters. competitive_bidding/multi_landy Landy and Multi-Landy over 1NT, level 7 Written as: Multi-Landy; Multi Landy; Woolsey Over their 1NT: double shows a four-card major and a longer minor, 2♣ both majors, 2♦ one long major, and 2♥ and 2♠ that major with a minor. See: Multi-Landy (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/multi_landy.php See: NT Bidding: Woolsey (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/542 competitive_bidding/negative_doubles Negative Doubles, level 3 Written as: Negative double; Negative doubles; Sputnik After partner opens and the next player overcalls, responder's double is for takeout, usually showing the unbid major or majors, so responder can compete without a long suit or a fit. See: Negative Doubles (Larry Cohen) https://www.larryco.com/bridge-articles/negative-doubles See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 8) See: Negative Doubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/353 competitive_bidding/non_leaping_michaels Non-leaping Michaels, level 8 Written as: Non-leaping Michaels; Non leaping Michaels Played instead of Leaping Michaels: over their preempt, a non-jump bid of a new suit at the next level shows that suit and a major. See: Leaping and Non-Leaping Michaels (Alton Bridge Club) https://www.bridgewebs.com/alton/EBU%20-%20Stage%202%20Conventions%20-%20Leaping%20and%20Non-Leaping%20Michaels.pdf competitive_bidding/overcalls Overcalls, level 2 competitive_bidding/raptor Raptor 1NT, level 8 Written as: Raptor; Raptor 1NT An overcall of 1NT that shows a four-card major and a longer minor, rather than a strong balanced hand. competitive_bidding/responsive_doubles Responsive Doubles, level 5 Written as: Responsive double; Responsive doubles After partner doubles for takeout and the next player raises, advancer's double is for takeout too, showing values and usually both unbid suits of a kind (the majors or the minors). See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 23) See: Responsive Doubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/354 competitive_bidding/rodrigue Rodrigue, level 8 Written as: Rodrigue After partner's minor and their 1♠, a double shows four hearts, and five or more hearts are shown by 2m with 8–10 points or 2♥ with 11 or more. competitive_bidding/rosenkranz Rosenkranz double, level 9 Written as: Rosenkranz; Rosenkranz double; Rosenkranz redouble When the opponents overcall partner's opening and advancer raises partner's overcall, a double or redouble shows a top honour in partner's suit, and a raise denies one. See: Rosenkranz Double (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/rosenkranz_double.php See: Rosenkrantz Redoubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/569 competitive_bidding/rubensohl Rubensohl, level 9 Written as: Rubensohl; Transfer Lebensohl A transfer version of Lebensohl: after they overcall partner's 1NT, responder's bids from 2NT up are transfers to the next suit, which lets responder show a suit, a stopper or values at a lower level. See: Transfer Lebensohl (Larry Cohen) https://www.larryco.com/bridge-articles/transfer-lebensohl See: NT Bidding: Modern, Transfer, and Modern Transfer Lebensohl (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/548 competitive_bidding/sandwich_nt Sandwich 1NT, level 7 Written as: Sandwich NT; Sandwich 1NT In the sandwich seat, after the opponents have bid two suits, a 1NT overcall shows the two unbid suits rather than a strong balanced hand. See: Competitive Bidding: Sandwich NT (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/194 competitive_bidding/scrambling_2nt Scrambling 2NT, level 7 Written as: Scrambling 2NT; Scrambling In a competitive auction where a takeout double would be natural, advancer's 2NT asks partner to pick a minor or a two-suited contract, rather than showing values. See: Scrambling vs Good/Bad 2NT https://tinyurl.com/Scrambling-vs-Good-Bad-2N See: Competitive Auctions: Scrambling 2NT (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/555 competitive_bidding/snapdragon Snapdragon doubles, level 8 Written as: Snapdragon; Snapdragon double When three suits have been bid, one by each of three players, fourth hand's double shows the unbid suit and tolerance for partner's. See: Snapdragon Double (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/snapdragon_double.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 24) See: Snapdragon Doubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/568 competitive_bidding/sos_redouble SOS redouble, level 7 Written as: SOS redouble; SOS; Rescue redouble When a low-level contract is doubled for penalty, a redouble asks partner to choose another suit, rather than showing strength. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 22) competitive_bidding/spear Spear, level 9 Written as: Spear How to intervene after the opponents' 1♣ or 1♦ opening and 1NT response: suit bids and double describe both-majors, one-major and strong hands. See: Spear (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/571 competitive_bidding/suction Suction, level 8 Written as: Suction Over their 1NT, each two-level suit bid shows either the next suit up or the other two suits, so the overcall is ambiguous by design and partner bids the next suit to find out. See: Suction (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/suction.php competitive_bidding/support_cuebids Support Cuebids, level 4 Written as: Cue-bid raise; Cuebid raise; Support cue bid; Limit raise or better A cue bid of the opponents' suit in response to partner's opening or overcall shows a raise of partner's suit with limit-raise values or better, leaving direct raises weaker. See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 15) See: Constructive Bidding Opposite 3rd Hand Openings: Cuebid as Limit Raise+ by a Passed Hand (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/116 competitive_bidding/support_doubles Support Doubles and Redoubles, level 5 Written as: Support double; Support doubles; Support redouble After opener's one-level opening and responder's one-level suit, when the next player bids, opener's double shows exactly three-card support for responder (a redouble after their double), and a raise shows four. See: Support Double (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/support_double.php See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 13) See: Support Doubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/355 competitive_bidding/takeout_doubles Takeout Doubles, level 2 Written as: Takeout double; Takeout doubles; Double for takeout A double of an opening bid, when partner has not bid, asks partner to bid: it shows opening values, shortness in their suit and support for the unbid suits, or a hand too strong to overcall. See: Takeout Double (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/takeout_double.php See: 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 4) See: Takeout Doubles (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/352 competitive_bidding/thrump_double Thrump double, level 8 Written as: Thrump double; Thrump X; Bergen Thrump After partner opens and the opponents preempt at the three level, responder's double asks opener to bid 3NT with a stopper, for a hand with values and no fit or long suit. See: Thrump Double (Bridge Bum) https://www.bridgebum.com/thrump_double.php competitive_bidding/transfer_advances Transfer advances, level 9 Written as: Transfer advances; Transfer advances of overcalls; Transfers after partner's overcall After partner's overcall, advancer's bids are transfers to the next suit, so the overcaller can accept or show more, and advancer can describe more hands. See: Transfer Advances of Overcalls (Bridge Winners) https://bridgewinners.com/article/view/transfer-advances-of-overcalls/ See: Transfer Advances Over Negative Double (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/597 competitive_bidding/unusual_vs_unusual Unusual vs Unusual, level 8 Written as: Unusual vs Unusual; Unusual vs. Unusual; Unusual over Unusual; UvU; UvsU After they show two suits with Michaels or the Unusual 2NT, cue bids of their suits show hands in the other two suits: one cue bid a raise of partner, the other a strong hand in the fourth suit. See: 25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know (book, chapter 21) See: Unusual vs. Unusual and Unusual vs. Michaels (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/470 declarer_play/elimination_plays Elimination Plays, level 7 declarer_play/entry_management Entry Management, level 4 declarer_play/finessing Finessing, level 2 declarer_play/holdup_plays Holdup Plays, level 3 declarer_play/squeeze_plays Squeeze Plays, level 7 declarer_play/suit_establishment Suit Establishment, level 2 declarer_play/trump_management Trump Management, level 3 defense/defensive_signals Defensive Signals, level 2 Written as: Standard signals; Attitude; Count; Suit preference; High encourages Defenders' agreements on what their cards say: attitude (like this suit or not), count (odd or even length) and suit preference (which other suit to play), and which applies when. See: Defensive Carding: Attitude Signals (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/471 See: Defensive Carding: Count Signals (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/472 See: Defensive Carding: Suit Preference Signals (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/476 defense/lavinthal Lavinthal, level 6 Written as: Lavinthal; McKenney; Suit-preference discards A discard is suit preference: a high card asks for the higher of the other two suits, a low card for the lower. defense/odd_even_discards Odd-even discards, level 6 Written as: Odd-even; Odd/even discards; Roman discards A defender's first discard says something by being odd or even: an odd card encourages that suit, an even card discourages and its size points to another suit. defense/opening_leads Opening Leads, level 2 Written as: Opening leads; Fourth best; Top of a sequence The partnership's choice of card from each kind of holding on opening lead, such as fourth best from length and the top of a sequence, so partner can read the lead. See: Fundamentals of Trick Taking – 4th Best Leads (Attitude) (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/627 See: Opening Leads: Card Combinations (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/394 defense/reverse_smith_echo Reverse Smith echo, level 8 Written as: Reverse Smith; Reverse Smith echo Played instead of the Smith echo: on declarer's first suit, a defender's high-low says they did not like partner's opening lead. See: Defensive Carding: Smith Echo (Reverse) (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/475 defense/rusinow_leads Rusinow leads, level 8 Written as: Rusinow; Rusinow leads Played instead of standard honour leads: from touching honours lead the second highest (the king from KQ, the queen from QJ), usually only at trick one against suit contracts. See: Rusinow Opening Leads (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/276 defense/second_hand_play Second Hand Play, level 4 defense/smith_echo Smith echo, level 8 Written as: Smith echo; Smith signal; Reverse Smith On declarer's first suit, a defender's high-low says whether they liked partner's opening lead, rather than giving count. See: Defensive Carding: Smith Echo (Reverse) (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/475 defense/third_hand_play Third Hand Play, level 3 defense/trump_suit_preference Trump suit preference, level 6 Written as: Trump suit preference; Trump suit-preference; Trump suit pref; Trump SP; Suit preference in trumps; Suit preference in trump A defender's spot cards in the trump suit show suit preference, not count: a high trump asks for the higher of the side suits, a low one for the lower. defense/upside_down_signals Upside-down signals, level 6 Written as: UDCA; Upside-down count and attitude; Upside-down signals; Upside down count; Low encourages Played instead of standard signals: a low card encourages and a high one discourages, and count is shown upside down too, so the defenders keep their high cards. See: Defensive Carding: Upside-Down Count and Attitude (UDCA) (Robert S. Todd, Advancing in Bridge) https://www.advinbridge.com/this-week-in-bridge/474 partnership_bidding/advanced_forcing Advanced Forcing (Partnership), level 6 partnership_bidding/basic_bidding Basic Bidding (Partnership), level 1 partnership_bidding/basic_major Basic Major (Partnership), level 1 partnership_bidding/basic_notrump Basic Notrump (Partnership), level 2 partnership_bidding/blackwood Blackwood (Partnership), level 2 partnership_bidding/jacoby_2nt Jacoby 2NT (Partnership), level 4 partnership_bidding/miscellaneous Miscellaneous Auctions, level 4 partnership_bidding/negative_doubles Negative Doubles (Partnership), level 3 partnership_bidding/overcalls Overcalls (Partnership), level 2 partnership_bidding/passed_hand_bidding Passed Hand Bidding, level 6 partnership_bidding/rebids Rebids by Opener or Responder, level 3 partnership_bidding/responders_rebid Responder's Rebid, level 5 partnership_bidding/roman_key_card Roman Key Card (Partnership), level 4 partnership_bidding/slam_bidding Slam Bidding, level 5 partnership_bidding/stayman_transfers Stayman & Transfers (Partnership), level 3 partnership_bidding/two_club Two Club (Partnership), level 3 partnership_bidding/weak_twos Weak Twos (Partnership), level 3 practice_deals/100_miscellaneous 100 Miscellaneous Deals practice_deals/100_notrump 100 Notrump Deals precision/1c_mixed Precision 1♣ (Mixed), level 7 precision/1c_opener Precision 1♣ (Opener), level 7 precision/1c_responder Precision 1♣ (Responder), level 7